A HISTÓRIA DO JAPÃO
the|history|of the|Japan
LA HISTORIA DE JAPÓN
JAPANS HISTORIA
THE HISTORY OF JAPAN
Como uma nação que passou boa parte de sua história com guerras violentas pelo poder,
as|a|nation|that|spent|good|part|of|its|history|with|wars|violent|for the|power
As a nation that spent much of its history in violent wars for power,
se tornou uma das maiores potências do nosso tempo.
itself|became|one|of the|greatest|powers|of the|our|time
it became one of the greatest powers of our time.
E como um povo que passou séculos tendo pouco contato com nações ocidentais,
and|as|a|people|that|spent|centuries|having|little|contact|with|nations|western
And as a people who spent centuries having little contact with Western nations,
conseguiu se tornar tão influente no mundo de hoje.
managed|to|to become|so|influential|in the|world|of|today
managed to become so influential in today's world.
Olá, meus queridos amigos, tudo bem com vocês?
hello|my|dear|friends|all|well|with|you
Hello, my dear friends, how are you all doing?
Eu sou Felipe Castanhari e hoje estou aqui para contar toda a história do Japão.
I|am|Felipe|Castanhari|and|today|am|here|to|to tell|all|the|history|of the|Japan
I am Felipe Castanhari and today I am here to tell the whole story of Japan.
Sim, teremos samurais, imperadores, shoguns, ninjas...
yes|we will have|samurais|emperors|shoguns|ninjas
Yes, we will have samurais, emperors, shoguns, ninjas...
Tudo isso faz parte da riquíssima história do Japão.
all|this|makes|part|of the|very rich|history|of the|Japan
All of this is part of Japan's rich history.
Mas uma pergunta fica acima de tudo isso.
but|a|question|remains|above|of|all|this
But one question stands above all of this.
Como o povo japonês construiu a sua identidade?
how|the|people|Japanese|built|the|its|identity
How did the Japanese people build their identity?
Aí não adianta apenas olhar para samurais ou para a Segunda Guerra.
there|not|helps|only|to look|at|samurais|or|at|the|Second|War
In that case, it is not enough to just look at samurais or World War II.
É preciso observar a história inteira do Japão
it is|necessary|to observe|the|history|entire|of the|Japan
It is necessary to observe the entire history of Japan
para entender como as tribos isoladas que começaram a povoar essas ilhas
to|to understand|how|the|tribes|isolated|that|started|to|to populate|these|islands
to understand how the isolated tribes that began to populate these islands
milhares de anos atrás, se transformaram no povo que conhecemos hoje.
thousands|of|years|ago|themselves|transformed|into the|people|that|we know|today
thousands of years ago transformed into the people we know today.
E antes de começar essa história, eu gostaria de pedir para você se inscrever aqui no canal.
and|before|to|to start|this|story|I|would like|to|to ask|for|you|yourself|to subscribe|here|on the|channel
And before starting this story, I would like to ask you to subscribe to the channel.
Clicando no botão de se inscrever, que está aqui, é só clicar, é muito fácil.
clicking|on the|button|to|yourself|subscribe|that|is|here|it is|just|click|it is|very|easy
By clicking the subscribe button, which is here, just click, it's very easy.
E também queria pedir o seu like, porque às vezes eu peço lá no final e você se esquece.
and|also|I wanted|to ask for|your|your|like|because|sometimes|times|I|I ask|there|at the|end|and|you|yourself|forget
And I also wanted to ask for your like, because sometimes I ask at the end and you forget.
Então já deixa o seu like aqui, porque me ajuda demais.
so|already|leave|your|your|like|here|because|to me|helps|a lot
So go ahead and leave your like here, because it helps me a lot.
Você também pode se tornar um membro do canal
you|also|can|yourself|become|a|member|of the|channel
You can also become a member of the channel.
para que a gente continue conseguindo produzir esses vídeos que dão muito trabalho.
so that|that|the|we|continue|managing|to produce|these|videos|that|give|a lot|work
so that we can continue to produce these videos that take a lot of work.
Inclusive, muito obrigado aos membros Super Sayajin 3.
including|very|thank you|to the|members|Super|Sayajin
By the way, thank you very much to the Super Sayajin 3 members.
Graças a essas pessoas maravilhosas, cujos nomes lindos estão aqui.
thanks|to|these|people|wonderful|whose|names|beautiful|are|here
Thanks to these wonderful people, whose beautiful names are here.
Vocês podem ver aqui.
you|can|to see|here
You can see them here.
Graças a essas pessoas esse vídeo se tornou realidade.
thanks|to|these|people|this|video|reflexive pronoun|became|reality
Thanks to these people, this video became a reality.
Então muito obrigado.
so|very|thank you
So thank you very much.
Faça parte dessa comunidade maravilhosa
make|part|of this|community|wonderful
Be part of this wonderful community
e ajude o trabalho de toda a nossa equipe se tornando membro.
and|help|the|work|of|all|the|our|team|reflexive pronoun|becoming|member
and help the work of our entire team by becoming a member.
O link para se tornar membro está aqui na descrição.
the|link|to|reflexive pronoun|become|member|is|here|in the|description
The link to become a member is here in the description.
Mas vamos lá.
but|let's go|there
But let's go.
Nossa história começa num lugar que pode parecer estranho.
our|story|starts|in a|place|that|can|seem|strange
Our story begins in a place that may seem strange.
Embaixo da Terra.
under|the|Earth
Under the Earth.
Afinal, é impossível contar a história do povo japonês sem pensar na geografia do Japão.
after all|it is|impossible|to tell|the|history|of the|people|Japanese|without|to think|in the|geography|of the|Japan
After all, it is impossible to tell the story of the Japanese people without considering the geography of Japan.
Uma terra que milhões de anos atrás pertencia à Ásia continental.
a|land|that|millions|of|years|ago|belonged|to the|Asia|continental
A land that millions of years ago belonged to the continental Asia.
Isso mesmo.
that|right
That's right.
O Japão nem sempre foi uma ilha.
the|Japan|not|always|was|an|island
Japan has not always been an island.
Essa região do planeta fica perto do ponto de contato de quatro placas tectônicas.
this|region|of the|planet|is located|near|of the|point|of|contact|of|four|plates|tectonic
This region of the planet is near the point of contact of four tectonic plates.
Que são enormes blocos de rocha que sustentam os continentes e oceanos.
which|are|huge|blocks|of|rock|that|support|the|continents|and|oceans
Which are huge blocks of rock that support the continents and oceans.
Essas placas se movem modificando a superfície do planeta.
these|plates|themselves|move|modifying|the|surface|of the|planet
These plates move, altering the surface of the planet.
E foi isso que rolou na Ásia.
and|it was|that|that|happened|in the|Asia
And that is what happened in Asia.
Um processo que durou milhões de anos fez a região do Japão ficar isolada pelo mar.
a|process|that|lasted|millions|of|years|made|the|region|of the|Japan|to become|isolated|by the|sea
A process that lasted millions of years made the region of Japan isolated by the sea.
O resultado foi um arquipélago com mais de 6 mil ilhas.
the|result|was|an|archipelago|with|more|than|thousand|islands
The result was an archipelago with more than 6 thousand islands.
Sendo que as maiores são Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku e Kyushu.
being|that|the|largest|are|Hokkaido|Honshu|Shikoku|and|Kyushu
The largest being Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.
Além de contar com as que formam a região de Okinawa.
besides|of|to count|with|the|that|form|the|region|of|Okinawa
In addition to those that form the Okinawa region.
Essas ilhas ficam numa região conhecida como o Círculo de Fogo do Pacífico.
these|islands|are located|in a|region|known|as|the|Circle|of|Fire|of the|Pacific
These islands are located in a region known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Com muitos terremotos e vulcões.
with|many|earthquakes|and|volcanoes
With many earthquakes and volcanoes.
Um desses vulcões é o famoso Monte Fuji.
one|of these|volcanoes|is|the|famous|Mount|Fuji
One of these volcanoes is the famous Mount Fuji.
O ponto mais alto do Japão com mais de 3.700 metros de altitude.
the|point|highest|high|of the|Japan|with|more|than|meters|of|elevation
The highest point in Japan at over 3,700 meters in altitude.
Um vulcão vulcânico proporcionado em um local espetacular e natural.
a|volcano|volcanic|provided|in|a|place|spectacular|and|natural
A volcanic volcano provided in a spectacular and natural location.
O Fuji-san é adorado pela sua beleza simétrica e pela sua saúde.
the|||is|adored|for its|its|beauty|symmetrical|and|for its|its|health
Fuji-san is adored for its symmetrical beauty and its health.
A história do Japão é dividida em eras e períodos.
the|history|of the|Japan|is|divided|into|eras|and|periods
The history of Japan is divided into eras and periods.
E começa quando os primeiros humanos pisaram nessas ilhas.
and|begins|when|the|first|humans|stepped|on these|islands
And it begins when the first humans set foot on these islands.
Na verdade não se sabe exatamente quando os primeiros humanos chegaram ao Japão.
in|truth|not|reflexive pronoun|knows|exactly|when|the|first|humans|arrived|to the|Japan
In fact, it is not exactly known when the first humans arrived in Japan.
Mas indícios arqueológicos como machados de pedras polidas.
but|evidence|archaeological|like|axes|of|stones|polished
But archaeological evidence such as polished stone axes.
Mostram que cerca de 30 mil anos atrás já existiam pessoas por ali.
show|that|around|of|thousand|years|ago|already|existed|people|around|there
Shows that about 30,000 years ago there were already people living there.
Vivendo com os seus próprios próprios nomes.
living|with|the|their|own||names
Living with their own names.
E se você quiser saber mais sobre isso.
and|if|you|want|to know|more|about|this
And if you want to know more about this.
Nesse momento em que cerca de 30 mil anos atrás já existiam pessoas por ali.
in that|moment|in|that|about|of|thousand|years|ago|already|existed|people|around|there
At that time, about 30,000 years ago, there were already people living there.
Vivendo principalmente da coleta de frutas e claro da caça e pesca.
living|mainly|from the|gathering|of|fruits|and|of course|from the|hunting|and|fishing
Living mainly from gathering fruits and, of course, from hunting and fishing.
Esse povo começou a crescer e progredir por volta de 13 mil anos antes de Cristo.
this|people|started|to|to grow|and|to progress|around|time|of|thousand|years|before|of|Christ
This people began to grow and progress around 13,000 years before Christ.
Se as aldeias já formavam uma espécie de cultura.
if|the|villages|already|they formed|a|kind|of|culture
If the villages already formed a kind of culture.
Por volta de 5 mil antes de Cristo.
around|time|of|thousand|before|of|Christ
Around 5 thousand before Christ.
Muitas aldeias tinham se unido com outras formando agrupamentos bem maiores.
many|villages|they had|themselves|joined|with|others|forming|groupings|well|larger
Many villages had united with others forming much larger groups.
Algumas dessas aldeias ficavam nas montanhas.
some|of these|villages|they were located|in the|mountains
Some of these villages were located in the mountains.
Vivendo basicamente de caça.
living|basically|from|hunting
Living basically off hunting.
E o outro era o litoral com a galera comendo mariscos que encontravam nas praias.
and|the|other|was|the|coast|with|the|crowd|eating|shellfish|that|they found|on the|beaches
And the other was the coast with the people eating shellfish they found on the beaches.
Agora pense em tudo que vocês sabem sobre povos antigos.
now|think|about|everything|that|you all|know|about|peoples|ancient
Now think about everything you know about ancient peoples.
Depois de conseguir casa e comida.
after|of|getting|house|and|food
After securing a house and food.
Qual é a primeira coisa que esses caras pensavam?
what|is|the|first|thing|that|these|guys|thought
What is the first thing these guys thought?
Religião é claro!
religion|is|clear
Religion, of course!
Aliás foi nessa época que surgiram pequenas estatuetas de barro chamadas Dogu.
by the way|it was|that|time|that|emerged|small|statuettes|of|clay|called|Dogu
By the way, it was around this time that small clay figurines called Dogu appeared.
Já foram encontrados milhares de Dogus no Japão.
already|were|found|thousands|of|Dogus|in the|Japan
Thousands of Dogus have already been found in Japan.
Mas ainda não sabemos ao certo se eles representavam divindades ou pessoas reais.
but|still|not|we know|to|certain|if|they|represented|deities|or|people|real
But we still don't know for sure if they represented deities or real people.
Aliás uma curiosidade muito legal para quem gosta do jogo Zelda Breath of the Wild.
by the way|a|curiosity|very|cool|for|those who|likes|of the|game|Zelda|Breath|of|the|Wild
By the way, a very cool curiosity for those who like the game Zelda Breath of the Wild.
O diretor de arte disse que esse período da história do Japão.
the|director|of|art|said|that|this|period|of the|history|of the|Japan
The art director said that this period in Japan's history.
Serviu de inspiração para o Sheikah Slate, as Shrines e todos os objetos e estruturas do jogo.
served|as|inspiration|for|the|Sheikah|Slate|the|Shrines|and|all|the|objects|and|structures|of the|game
Served as inspiration for the Sheikah Slate, the Shrines, and all the objects and structures in the game.
Como os terríveis e implacáveis Guardiões.
as|the|terrible|and|relentless|Guardians
Like the terrible and relentless Guardians.
Passei muito mal nos Guardiões.
I spent|very|bad|in the|Guardians
I had a very bad time with the Guardians.
Porém tudo começa a mudar quando surgem novas aldeias nas partes oeste das ilhas.
however|everything|starts|to|change|when|they appear|new|villages|in the|parts|west|of the|islands
However, everything starts to change when new villages appear in the western parts of the islands.
E quando você olha mais de perto via que essas aldeias eram bem parecidas com as que existiam na Coreia.
and|when|you|look|more|of|close|I saw|that|these|villages|they were|quite|similar|to|the|that|existed|in the|Korea
And when you look closer, you see that these villages were very similar to those that existed in Korea.
Sim, novas pessoas chegaram ao Japão trazendo tecnologias diferentes.
yes|new|people|arrived|to the|Japan|bringing|technologies|different
Yes, new people arrived in Japan bringing different technologies.
Como o manuseio de metais e uma novidade muito importante o cultivo do arroz.
like|the|handling|of|metals|and|a|novelty|very|important|the|cultivation|of the|rice
Such as metal handling and a very important novelty, rice cultivation.
Foi nessa época que começou efetivamente a agricultura japonesa.
it was|in that|time|that|started|effectively|the|agriculture|Japanese
It was during this time that Japanese agriculture effectively began.
E a população do arquipélago aumentou muito chegando a mais de um milhão de habitantes.
and|the|population|of the|archipelago|increased|very|reaching|to|more|than|one|million|of|inhabitants
And the population of the archipelago increased significantly, reaching over one million inhabitants.
Só que como algumas pessoas possuíam terras e grãos em maior quantidade que outras.
only|that|as|some|people|possessed|lands|and|grains|in|greater|quantity|than|others
It's just that some people owned land and grains in greater quantities than others.
Surgiram classes dominantes.
emerged|classes|dominant
Dominant classes emerged.
E o que aconteceu com essas classes?
and|the|what|happened|with|these|classes
And what happened to these classes?
E o que aconteceu com essas classes?
and|the|what|happened|with|these|classes
And what happened to these classes?
E o que aconteceu com essas classes?
and|the|what|happened|with|these|classes
And what happened to these classes?
E o que aconteceu com essas classes?
and|the|what|happened|with|these|classes
And what happened to these classes?
Então negativo, uma nova era surgiu no país.
so|negative|a|new|era|emerged|in the|country
So no, a new era has emerged in the country.
Dos novos nuns mais maios na icação das aldeias.
of the|new|some|more|bigger|in the|education|of the|villages
Of the new ones, more majors in the education of the villages.
Juntam-se com animais m可thuns.
||with|animals|muthuns
They join with mythical animals.
E com a construção da aldeia os rinos começou a esperar
and|with|the|construction|of the|village|the|rhinos|started|to|wait
And with the construction of the village, the rhinos began to wait.
aking Schulen dieje
making|schools|dieje
aking Schulen dieje
e novos séculos fizeramProgressos em sucessão.
and|new|centuries||in|succession
and new centuries made progress in succession.
O Yukata no Japão
the|yukata|in the|Japan
The Yukata in Japan
e depois utilziou o Yukatukai
and|later||the|yukata
and then used the Yukatukai
pela sua satisfação com a região de Kuru- thick park.
||||the|||||
due to his satisfaction with the Kuru-thick park region.
A disputa pelo poder.
The struggle for power.
Boa parte da história japonesa é quase um game of thrones
good|part|of the|history|Japanese|is|almost|a|game|of|thrones
A good part of Japanese history is almost a game of thrones
com guerras, alianças, traições
with|wars|alliances|betrayals
with wars, alliances, betrayals
e todo mundo querendo mandar no arquipélago.
and|everyone|world|wanting|to rule|in the|archipelago
and everyone wanting to rule the archipelago.
Isso começa já nesse período
this|starts|already|in this|period
This starts already in this period.
com as guerras mais antigas que se tem notícia no Japão.
with|the|wars|most|ancient|that|one|has|record|in|Japan
with the oldest wars known in Japan.
O grande vencedor destes primeiros conflitos entre reinos diferentes
the|great|winner|of these|first|conflicts|between|kingdoms|different
The great winner of these first conflicts between different kingdoms
teria sido Jinmu.
would have|been|Jinmu
would have been Jinmu.
Ao conquistar a vitória nessas guerras
upon|conquering|the|victory|in those|wars
By achieving victory in these wars
ele se tornou o primeiro imperador do Japão.
he|himself|became|the|first|emperor|of the|Japan
he became the first emperor of Japan.
Assumindo o trono em 11 de fevereiro de 660 a.C.
assuming|the|throne|on|of|February|of||
Assuming the throne on February 11, 660 B.C.
Justamente por isso o dia 11 de fevereiro
precisely|for|that|the|day|of|February
That is why February 11
é até hoje celebrado como o dia da fundação nacional do Japão.
is|even|today|celebrated|as|the|day|of the|foundation|national|of the|Japan
is still celebrated today as Japan's National Foundation Day.
Porém a história de Jinmu permanece cercada de lendas.
however|the|history|of|Jinmu|remains|surrounded|by|legends
However, the story of Jinmu remains surrounded by legends.
A própria mitologia japonesa aponta que ele seria descendente direto
the|own|mythology|Japanese|points|that|he|would be|descendant|direct
Japanese mythology itself suggests that he would be a direct descendant
de ninguém menos que Amaterasu.
of|no one|less|than|Amaterasu
of none other than Amaterasu.
A deusa do sol.
the|goddess|of the|sun
The goddess of the sun.
Na verdade os arqueólogos nunca encontraram provas
in|fact|the|archaeologists|never|found|evidence
In fact, archaeologists have never found evidence
de que algum dos 28 primeiros imperadores
that|that|any|of the|first|emperors
that any of the first 28 emperors
tinha sequer existido de verdade.
had|even|existed|to|true
ever truly existed.
Isso só muda no 29º imperador chamado Kimei
this|only|changes|in the|29th|emperor|called|Kimei
This only changes with the 29th emperor named Kimei.
que assumiu o trono no ano de 539.
that|he assumed|the|throne|in the|year|of
who ascended to the throne in the year 539.
E aqui não estamos falando só de religião
And|here|not|we are|talking|only|about|religion
And here we are not just talking about religion
mas principalmente de política.
but|mainly|about|politics
but mainly about politics.
Se os imperadores são descendentes dos deuses
If|the|emperors|they are|descendants|of the|gods
If the emperors are descendants of the gods
é sinal de que eles também são divindades.
is|sign|of|that|they|also|are|deities
is a sign that they are also deities.
É um negócio muito parecido com os faraós do Egito.
is|a|business|very|similar|to|the|pharaohs|of|Egypt
It's a business very similar to the pharaohs of Egypt.
Se o líder de um reino é um deus
if|the|leader|of|a|kingdom|is|a|god
If the leader of a kingdom is a god
fica muito mais fácil manter o povo sob controle
becomes|very|more|easy|to keep|the|people|under|control
it becomes much easier to keep the people under control.
fazendo tudo o que esse cara quer.
doing|everything|the|that|this|guy|wants
doing everything that this guy wants.
É nesse período que alguns especialistas dizem
it is|in this|period|that|some|specialists|say
It is during this period that some experts say
ter surgido o Império Yamato.
to have|emerged|the|Empire|Yamato
the Yamato Empire emerged.
O que se acredita é que nos séculos 4 e 5
what|that|is|is believed|it is|that|in the|centuries|and
What is believed is that in the 4th and 5th centuries
os Yamato eram apenas o grupo mais importante
the|Yamato|they were|only|the|group|most|important
the Yamato were just the most important group
de uma enorme aliança de clãs.
of|a|huge|alliance|of|clans
of a huge alliance of clans.
Mas o tempo passou e no século 6
but|the|time|it passed|and|in the|century
But time passed and in the 6th century
esse clã Yamato já mandava em tudo
that|clan|Yamato|already|it ruled|in|everything
this Yamato clan was already in charge of everything.
estabelecendo a única dinastia imperial que reinou no Japão.
establishing|the|only|dynasty|imperial|that|reigned|in the|Japan
establishing the only imperial dynasty that ruled in Japan.
Lembra que a dinastia é uma série de reis e rainhas
remember|that|the|dynasty|is|a|series|of|kings|and|queens
Remember that a dynasty is a series of kings and queens
de uma mesma família que se sucedem no governo?
of|a|same|family|that|themselves|succeed|in the|rule
from the same family who succeed each other in government?
Então todos os outros imperadores que vamos ver daqui pra frente
so|all|the|other|emperors|that|we are going|to see|from here|to|front
So all the other emperors that we will see from now on
descendem do clã Yamato.
they descend|from the|clan|Yamato
descend from the Yamato clan.
Essa é a monarquia com a linhagem mais antiga que existe no mundo.
this|is|the|monarchy|with|the|lineage|most|ancient|that|exists|in the|world
This is the monarchy with the oldest lineage that exists in the world.
Ah, uma coisa importante é que a palavra clã
ah|one|thing|important|is|that|the|word|clan
Ah, one important thing is that the word clan
vai começar a aparecer muito nesse vídeo.
will|start|to|appear|a lot|in this|video
will start to appear a lot in this video.
Mas como surgiram esses clãs?
but|how|they emerged|these|clans
But how did these clans arise?
Bem, eles eram formados por famílias diferentes
well|they|they were|formed|by|families|different
Well, they were formed by different families
que se uniam normalmente por casamentos.
that|themselves|they united|normally|by|marriages
that usually united through marriages.
Todo clã tinha uma família com mais poder
every|clan|it had|a|family|with|more|power
Every clan had a family with more power.
e o patriarca dessa família era o líder do clã inteiro.
and|the|patriarch|of this|family|was|the|leader|of the|clan|whole
and the patriarch of this family was the leader of the entire clan.
Por exemplo, imagine que os membros de uma família importante de guerreiros
for|example|imagine|that|the|members|of|an|family|important|of|warriors
For example, imagine that the members of an important family of warriors
se casam com pessoas de famílias de ferreiros e de arqueiros
themselves|marry|with|people|of|families|of|blacksmiths|and|of|archers
marry people from families of blacksmiths and archers
que têm menos poder.
that|have|less|power
who have less power.
Todas essas famílias vão formar um clã
all|these|families|they will|form|a|clan
All these families will form a clan
e o patriarca da família mais poderosa desse grupo
and|the|patriarch|of the|family|most|powerful|of this|group
and the patriarch of the most powerful family in this group
é quem determina como o clã inteiro vai agir
is|who|determines|how|the|clan|entire|it will|act
is the one who determines how the entire clan will act
a respeito de qualquer assunto.
about|respect|of|any|subject
regarding any matter.
Nessa época, rolou a disseminação do xintoísmo.
in that|time|happened|the|dissemination|of the|Shintoism
At that time, the spread of Shintoism occurred.
Na verdade, o xintoísmo só passou a ser visto como uma religião mesmo
in the|truth|the|Shintoism|only|passed|to|be|seen|as|a|religion|really
In fact, Shintoism only began to be seen as a religion in earnest
no final do século XVIII,
in the|late|of the|century|18th
at the end of the 18th century,
porque ele surgiu com práticas cerimoniais
because|it|emerged|with|practices|ceremonial
because it originated with ceremonial practices.
que mudavam de um lugar para o outro.
that|they changed|from|one|place|to|the|other
that moved from one place to another.
Mas o importante é saber que essas cerimônias
but|the|important|it is|to know|that|these|ceremonies
But the important thing is to know that these ceremonies
que se desenvolveram a partir de rituais feitos na Antiguidade japonesa
that|themselves|they developed|from|starting|from|rituals|made|in the|antiquity|Japanese
that developed from rituals performed in ancient Japan
giravam ao redor da adoração dos Kami,
they revolved|around|around|of the|worship|of the|Kami
revolved around the worship of the Kami,
entidades sobrenaturais que residem em todos os lugares.
entities|supernatural|that|reside|in|all|the|places
supernatural entities that reside everywhere.
A Antiguidade japonesa
the|antiquity|Japanese
Ancient Japan
Nessa época, o Japão tinha contato basicamente com outros dois territórios,
at that|time|the|Japan|had|contact|basically|with|other|two|territories
At that time, Japan was in contact mainly with two other territories,
as dinastias chinesas e os reinos coreanos.
the|dynasties|Chinese|and|the|kingdoms|Korean
the Chinese dynasties and the Korean kingdoms.
Vamos falar primeiro da Coreia.
let's|talk|first|about the|Korea
Let's talk first about Korea.
Nessa época, ela era dividida em três grandes reinos
at that|time|it|was|divided|into|three|large|kingdoms
At that time, it was divided into three major kingdoms
e uma confederação de reinos menores chamada Gaia,
and|a|confederation|of|kingdoms|smaller|called|Gaia
and a confederation of smaller kingdoms called Gaia,
com todos disputando o poder.
with|all|disputing|the|power
with all of them vying for power.
Os japoneses tinham bons relacionamentos com um desses reinos,
the|Japanese|they had|good|relationships|with|one|of those|kingdoms
The Japanese had good relationships with one of these kingdoms,
chamados Paikichi,
called|Paikichi
called Paikichi,
e esse contato fez o Budismo aparecer no Japão no meio do século VI.
and|this|contact|it made|the|Buddhism|to appear|in the|Japan|in the|middle|of the|century|VI
and this contact brought Buddhism to Japan in the mid-6th century.
O Budismo é uma religião que nasceu na Índia
the|Buddhism|it is|a|religion|that|it was born|in the|India
Buddhism is a religion that originated in India.
e se espalhou para o Sul da Ásia e o Extremo Oriente.
and|if|spread|to|the|South|of the|Asia|and|the|Far|East
and spread to South Asia and the Far East.
Claro que é muito difícil explicar o Budismo de uma forma rápida,
of course|that|is|very|difficult|to explain|the|Buddhism|in|a|way|quick
Of course, it is very difficult to explain Buddhism quickly,
mas ele prega que o caminho para superar o sofrimento
but|it|teaches|that|the|path|to|to overcome|the|suffering
but it teaches that the way to overcome suffering
é derrotando os desejos e vícios,
is|defeating|the|desires|and|vices
is by defeating desires and vices,
compreendendo o caminho de Buda com a pessoa buscando a paz interior
understanding|the|path|of|Buddha|with|the|person|seeking|the|peace|inner
understanding the path of Buddha with the person seeking inner peace
e aprimorando suas virtudes.
and|improving|your|virtues
and enhancing their virtues.
O Budismo também contribuiu bastante para a criação
The|Buddhism|also|contributed|a lot|to|the|creation
Buddhism has also greatly contributed to the creation
de um dos elementos mais ricos da cultura japonesa,
of|one|of the|elements|most|rich|of the|culture|Japanese
of one of the richest elements of Japanese culture,
o folclore.
the|folklore
the folklore.
Na verdade, histórias sobre deuses e demônios,
in the|truth|stories|about|gods|and|demons
In fact, stories about gods and demons,
animais com poderes sobrenaturais e até mesmo dragões
animals|with|powers|supernatural|and|even|same|dragons
animals with supernatural powers and even dragons
já existiam no Japão desde os primeiros dias do Shintoísmo,
already|existed|in the|Japan|since|the|first|days|of the|Shintoism
have existed in Japan since the early days of Shintoism,
formando um dos folclores mais ricos do mundo.
forming|one|of the|folklores|most|rich|of the|world
forming one of the richest folklores in the world.
Mas o Budismo trouxe novos elementos para isso.
but|the|Buddhism|brought|new|elements|for|that
But Buddhism brought new elements to this.
Um bom exemplo está na figura do macaco,
a|good|example|is|in the|figure|of the|monkey
A good example is the figure of the monkey,
que marca presença em várias lendas japonesas.
that|marks|presence|in|several|legends|Japanese
which is present in several Japanese legends.
As primeiras histórias japonesas sobre macacos
the|first|stories|Japanese|about|monkeys
The first Japanese stories about monkeys
foram inspiradas em poesias indianas e em antigos textos chineses.
were|inspired|in|poems|Indian|and|in|ancient|texts|Chinese
were inspired by Indian poetry and ancient Chinese texts.
Porém, com o passar do tempo,
however|with|the|passing|of|time
However, over time,
elas foram se modificando para refletir os sonhos,
they|were|themselves|modifying|to|reflect|the|dreams
they were modified to reflect dreams,
medos e aspirações do povo japonês.
fears|and|aspirations|of the|people|Japanese
fears and aspirations of the Japanese people.
É impossível entender o povo japonês sem olhar para seu folclore.
it is|impossible|to understand|the|people|Japanese|without|to look|at|its|folklore
It is impossible to understand the Japanese people without looking at their folklore.
Ao longo dos séculos,
throughout|long|of the|centuries
Throughout the centuries,
essas lendas e mitos fizeram mais do que encantar pessoas
these|legends|and|myths|they made|more|than|that|to enchant|people
these legends and myths have done more than just enchant people.
ou assustar crianças.
or|to scare|children
or scare children.
Elas ajudaram a construir a identidade do povo japonês,
they|helped|to|to build|the|identity|of the|people|Japanese
They helped build the identity of the Japanese people,
moldando sua forma de pensar o mundo.
shaping|their|way|of|to think|the|world
shaping their way of thinking about the world.
Outra doutrina que começou a aparecer no Japão nessa época
another|doctrine|that|started|to|to appear|in the|Japan|at that|time
Another doctrine that began to appear in Japan at that time
foi o Confucionismo, que surgiu na China.
it was|the|Confucianism|that|emerged|in the|China
it was Confucianism, which emerged in China.
E a importância do Confucionismo é enorme,
And|the|importance|of the|Confucianism|is|huge
And the importance of Confucianism is enormous,
porque ele prega que o caminho para a ordem é a harmonia social
because|it|preaches|that|the|way|to|the|order|is|the|harmony|social
because it teaches that the path to order is social harmony
com respeito à hierarquia e burocracia,
with|respect|to the|hierarchy|and|bureaucracy
with respect to hierarchy and bureaucracy,
e que passa a ter muita influência nas leis criadas no Japão a partir daí.
and|that|it starts|to|to have|much|influence|in the|laws|created|in the|Japan|||from there
and which began to have a lot of influence on the laws created in Japan from then on.
No começo rolou uma certa resistência de alguns clãs para aceitar o budismo,
In the|beginning|there was|a|certain|resistance|from|some|clans|to|to accept|the|Buddhism
At first, there was some resistance from some clans to accept Buddhism,
mas ele foi ganhando espaço especialmente por motivos políticos.
but|it|it was|gaining|space|especially|for|reasons|political
but it started gaining ground especially for political reasons.
Primeiro porque a corte imperial se ligou que as práticas budistas
First|because|the|court|imperial|itself|it connected|that|the|practices|Buddhist
First, because the imperial court realized that Buddhist practices
fariam o Japão ser visto pelos seus vizinhos como um império mais civilizado.
they would make|the|Japan|to be|seen|by the|their|neighbors|as|an|empire|more|civilized
they would make Japan be seen by its neighbors as a more civilized empire.
Segundo, o budismo aumentaria o próprio poder do governo.
second|the|Buddhism|it would increase|the|own|power|of the|government
Secondly, Buddhism would increase the government's own power.
Se todos os japoneses começassem a praticar o budismo,
if|all|the|Japanese|they started|to|practice|the|Buddhism
If all Japanese people started practicing Buddhism,
existiria uma filosofia unindo o povo.
there would exist|a|philosophy|uniting|the|people
there would be a philosophy uniting the people.
E se o governo fosse associado a essa filosofia,
and|if|the|government|were|associated|to|this|philosophy
And if the government were associated with this philosophy,
sua influência ficaria maior.
its|influence|would become|greater
its influence would grow.
Sim, a corte imperial era muito espertinha.
yes|the|court|imperial|was|very|clever
Yes, the imperial court was very clever.
Aí precisamos falar do clã Soga,
then|we need|to talk|of the|clan|Soga
Then we need to talk about the Soga clan,
que tinha muita influência com a família imperial.
that|had|much|influence|with|the|family|imperial
who had a lot of influence with the imperial family.
Usando o budismo, eles do clã Soga aumentaram ainda mais o seu poder.
using|the|Buddhism|they|of the|clan|Soga|increased|even|more|their||power
Using Buddhism, the Soga clan further increased their power.
Tinha uma hora que quem mandava de verdade no Japão não era mais o imperador,
there was|a|time|that|who|ruled|of|truth|in|Japan|not|was|anymore|the|emperor
At one point, the real power in Japan was no longer held by the emperor,
e sim o clã Soga e um príncipe chamado Shotoku, que era aliado dos caras.
and|rather|the|clan|Soga|and|a|prince|named|Shotoku|who|was|ally|of the|guys
but by the Soga clan and a prince named Shotoku, who was allied with them.
Aliás, dizem que esse príncipe Shotoku tem a honra de ter batizado o Japão.
moreover|they say|that|this|prince|Shotoku|he has|the|honor|to|to have|baptized|the|Japan
In fact, they say that this Prince Shotoku has the honor of having named Japan.
Na história antiga, o nome mais conhecido do Japão era seu nome chinês,
in the|history|ancient|the|name|most|known|of the|Japan|it was|its|name|Chinese
In ancient history, the most well-known name for Japan was its Chinese name,
Wa, que significa gente pequena.
Wa|that|it means|people|small
Wa, which means small people.
Isso mudou apenas quando o príncipe Shotoku mandou uma carta para o imperador chinês
this|it changed|only|when|the|prince|Shotoku|he sent|a|letter|to|the|emperor|Chinese
This changed only when Prince Shotoku sent a letter to the Chinese emperor.
se referindo ao Japão como a terra onde o sol se levanta.
reflexive pronoun|referring|to the|Japan|as|the|land|where|the|sun|reflexive pronoun|rises
referring to Japan as the land where the sun rises.
E falando da China como a terra onde o sol se põe.
and|speaking|of the|China|as|the|land|where|the|sun|reflexive pronoun|sets
And speaking of China as the land where the sun sets.
Como o sol nasce no leste e o Japão está a leste da China,
as|the|sun|rises|in the|east|and|the|Japan|is|to the|east|of the|China
As the sun rises in the east and Japan is to the east of China,
para os chineses o sol sempre nasce na direção de onde está o Japão.
for|the|Chinese|the|sun|always|rises|in the|direction|of|where|is|the|Japan
for the Chinese, the sun always rises in the direction of where Japan is.
Da mesma forma, para quem está no Japão, o sol se põe a oeste, ou seja, na direção da China.
of the|same|way|for|who|is|in the|Japan|the|sun|itself|sets|to the|west|or|that is|in the|direction|of the|China
Similarly, for those in Japan, the sun sets in the west, that is, in the direction of China.
Assim, o Japão ganhou o nome de Nippon, ou a terra do sol nascente.
thus|the|Japan|gained|the|name|of|Nippon|or|the|land|of the|sun|rising
Thus, Japan earned the name Nippon, or the land of the rising sun.
Essa é uma das versões mais conhecidas da possível origem desse termo.
this|is|one|of the|versions|most|known|of the|possible|origin|of this|term
This is one of the most well-known versions of the possible origin of this term.
Já o nome ocidental Japão foi um pouco diferente.
already|the|name|western|Japan|was|a|little|different
On the other hand, the Western name Japan was a bit different.
Os povos da Indonésia e da Malásia chamavam o Japão de palavras como Jipang ou Jepun,
the|peoples|of the|Indonesia|and|of the|Malaysia|they called|the|Japan|with|words|like|Jipang|or|Jepun
The peoples of Indonesia and Malaysia referred to Japan with words like Jipang or Jepun,
que eles tinham pegado e emprestado de alguns dialetos antigos chineses.
that|they|they had|taken|and|borrowed|from|some|dialects|ancient|Chinese
which they had taken and borrowed from some ancient Chinese dialects.
Aí esses nomes foram adotados pelos portugueses e mudaram com o tempo.
then|these|names|they were|adopted|by the|Portuguese|and|they changed|with|the|time
Then these names were adopted by the Portuguese and changed over time.
Mais para o meio do vídeo você vai entender onde os portugueses entram no Japão.
more|to|the|middle|of the|video|you|you will|understand|where|the|Portuguese|they enter|in the|Japan
Further into the video, you will understand where the Portuguese fit into Japan.
Mas voltando ao nosso amigo, o príncipe Shotoku,
but|returning|to the|our|friend|the|prince|Shotoku
But returning to our friend, Prince Shotoku,
ele foi fundamental para a disseminação do budismo no Japão,
he|was|fundamental|for|the|dissemination|of the|Buddhism|in the|Japan
he was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism in Japan,
mandando construir mais de 400 templos no arquipelo.
sending|to build|more|than|temples|in the|archipelago
ordering the construction of more than 400 temples in the archipelago.
Mas quando ele morre no ano de 622,
but|when|he|dies|in the|year|of
But when he died in the year 622,
começam a acontecer diversas conspirações para tentar acabar com a influência do clã Soga.
they begin|to|happen|various|conspiracies|to|try|to end|with|the|influence|of the|clan|Soga
various conspiracies begin to occur to try to end the influence of the Soga clan.
Numa dessas tramóias, o líder do clã Soga é assassinado.
in one|of these|schemes|the|leader|of the|clan|Soga|is|assassinated
In one of these plots, the leader of the Soga clan is assassinated.
Com isso, quem passa a dar as cartas é o clã Fujiwara,
with|that|who|passes|to|to give|the|cards|is|the|clan|Fujiwara
As a result, the Fujiwara clan takes control,
que ajuda a criar diversas reformas nas leis japonesas.
that|helps|to|to create|various|reforms|in the|laws|Japanese
which helps to create various reforms in Japanese laws.
Essas mudanças foram reunidas numa série de leis chamadas de Reforma Taika.
these|changes|were|gathered|in a|series|of|laws|called|of|Reform|Taika
These changes were gathered in a series of laws called the Taika Reform.
E realmente muita coisa mudou.
and|really|a lot of|thing|changed
And indeed a lot changed.
Começando pelas terras cultiváveis que passaram a pertencer ao governo,
starting|from the|lands|arable|that|became|to|belong|to the|government
Starting with the arable lands that came to belong to the government,
que podia distribuí-las ao povo.
that|could|||to the|people
which could distribute them to the people.
O mesmo acontecia com as armas que ficavam armazenadas em depósitos do governo.
the|same|happened|with|the|weapons|that|were|stored|in|depots|of the|government
The same happened with the weapons that were stored in government depots.
E agora você deve estar achando estranho, né?
and|now|you|must|be|thinking|strange|right
And now you must be finding it strange, right?
Porque até agora eu falei muito pouco sobre a capital japonesa, né?
because|until|now|I|spoke|very|little|about|the|capital|Japanese|right
Because until now I've said very little about the Japanese capital, right?
O lance é que a capital mudava de lugar o tempo inteiro,
the|thing|is|that|the|capital|changed|from|place|the|time|whole
The thing is that the capital kept changing places all the time,
porque eles achavam que quando um imperador morria ali, aquele local ficava em buro.
because|they|thought|that|when|an|emperor|died|there|that|place|remained|in|buro
because they believed that when an emperor died there, that place became a bureaucratic center.
Isso só acabou com a Imperatriz Geimei,
this|only|ended|with|the|Empress|Geimei
This only ended with Empress Geimei,
que no ano de 710 estabeleceu a cidade de Heijô como capital fixa.
that|in the|year|of|established|the|city|of|Heijô|as|capital|permanent
who in the year 710 established the city of Heijō as the permanent capital.
Essa cidade ainda existe e é conhecida como Nara.
this|city|still|exists|and|is|known|as|Nara
This city still exists and is known as Nara.
Por ser a capital, Nara se tornou um verdadeiro polo comercial e cultural.
for|being|the|capital|Nara|itself|became|a|true|pole|commercial|and|cultural
As the capital, Nara became a true commercial and cultural hub.
Mas fora da cidade, a maior parte do povo japonês mal tinha o que comer.
but|outside|of the|city|the|largest|part|of the|people|Japanese|hardly|had|what|to|eat
But outside the city, most of the Japanese people barely had enough to eat.
Para piorar, entre os anos de 735 e 737,
to|worsen|between|the|years|of|and
To make matters worse, between the years 735 and 737,
uma epidemia de varíola se espalhou pelo país,
an|epidemic|of|smallpox|itself|spread|through the|country
a smallpox epidemic spread across the country,
matando cerca de 30% da população japonesa.
killing|about|of|of the|population|Japanese
killing about 30% of the Japanese population.
Sim, é isso mesmo.
yes|it is|that|indeed
Yes, that's right.
Um terço da população japonesa morreu em dois anos.
one|third|of the|population|Japanese|died|in|two|years
A third of the Japanese population died in two years.
Mas Nara não continuou como capital do império durante muito tempo.
but|Nara|not|continued|as|capital|of the|empire|for|long|time
But Nara did not remain the capital of the empire for long.
E no ano de 794, o governo se estabeleceu na cidade de Heian-kyô,
and|in the|year|of|the|government|itself|established|in the|city|of||
And in the year 794, the government established itself in the city of Heian-kyô,
que a partir daí seria a capital japonesa por mais de mil anos.
which|from|starting|there|would be|the|capital|Japanese|for|more|than|thousand|years
which from then on would be the Japanese capital for over a thousand years.
Sim, Heian-kyô é o nome antigo da famosa cidade de Kyoto.
yes|||is|the|name|old|of the|famous|city|of|Kyoto
Yes, Heian-kyô is the old name of the famous city of Kyoto.
Este é um bom momento para falarmos da arquitetura japonesa,
this|is|a|good|moment|to|talk|of the|architecture|Japanese
This is a good time to talk about Japanese architecture,
que também é uma herança cultural da China.
that|also|is|a|heritage|cultural|of the|China
which is also a cultural heritage of China.
Porém, essa origem chinesa não impediu que a arquitetura japonesa ganhasse personalidade própria.
however|this|origin|Chinese|not|prevented|that|the|architecture|Japanese|gained|personality|own
However, this Chinese origin did not prevent Japanese architecture from gaining its own personality.
Um dos motivos disso é que uma das grandes preocupações dos japoneses
one|of the|reasons|for this|is|that|one|of the|great|concerns|of the|Japanese people
One of the reasons for this is that one of the great concerns of the Japanese
era planejar cuidadosamente como cada construção
was|to plan|carefully|how|each|building
was to carefully plan how each building
poderia se integrar com harmonia ao ambiente onde era construída.
could|itself|integrate|with|harmony|to the|environment|where|was|built
it could integrate harmoniously with the environment where it was built.
Isso valia especialmente para os templos.
this|applied|especially|to|the|temples
This was especially true for temples.
Além disso, a própria geografia ajudou a moldar a arquitetura japonesa.
besides|that|the|own|geography|helped|to|shape|the|architecture|Japanese
In addition, the geography itself helped shape Japanese architecture.
A maior parte dos edifícios era de madeira e as paredes internas das casas eram de papel de arroz.
the|largest|part|of the|buildings|was|of|wood|and|the|walls|internal|of the|houses|were|of|paper|of|rice
Most buildings were made of wood and the internal walls of houses were made of rice paper.
Isso não se deve apenas ao fato de que o Japão tinha árvores e arroz em abundância,
this|not|reflexive pronoun|must|only|to the|fact|that|that|the|Japan|had|trees|and|rice|in|abundance
This is not only due to the fact that Japan had trees and rice in abundance,
mas também pelo fato de que esses materiais leves
but|also|for the|fact|that|that|these|materials|light
but also because these lightweight materials
eram mais adequados a uma terra que sempre sofreu com terremotos.
were|more|suitable|to|a|land|that|always|suffered|with|earthquakes
were more suitable for a land that has always suffered from earthquakes.
Ao olhar para um prédio japonês, saiba que você não está enxergando apenas uma construção,
upon|looking|at|a|building|Japanese|know|that|you|not|are|seeing|only|a|construction
When looking at a Japanese building, know that you are not just seeing a construction,
e sim um dos traços mais marcantes da história japonesa.
and|yes|one|of the|traits|most|striking|of the|history|Japanese
and it is one of the most striking features of Japanese history.
A capacidade de aprender com outras civilizações
the|ability|to|learn|from|other|civilizations
The ability to learn from other civilizations
e transformar este conhecimento em algo único e tipicamente japonês.
and|transform|this|knowledge|into|something|unique|and|typically|Japanese
and transform this knowledge into something unique and typically Japanese.
É muito importante entender a questão estética nessa época,
it is|very|important|to understand|the|question|aesthetic|in that|time
It is very important to understand the aesthetic issue during this time,
porque isso fazia a cabeça dos nobres, já que eles associavam a beleza e elegância
because|this|made|the|head|of the|nobles|already|that|they|associated|to|beauty|and|elegance
because this appealed to the nobility, as they associated beauty and elegance
ao fato da pessoa ter ou não valor.
to the|fact|of the|person|to have|or|not|value
with a person's worth.
Então, homens e mulheres da corte se enfeitavam o tempo inteiro
so|men|and|women|of the|court|themselves|adorned|the|time|whole
So, men and women of the court adorned themselves all the time
e aprendiam regras de etiqueta para terem cada vez mais valor naquela sociedade.
and|learned|rules|of|etiquette|to|to have|each|time|more|value|in that|society
and learned rules of etiquette to gain more and more value in that society.
O lance é que os caras pensavam nisso o dia inteiro,
the|deal|is|that|the|guys|thought|about it|the|day|whole
The thing is that the guys thought about this all day,
então ficaram cada vez mais desconectados do resto do país.
so|they became|each|time|more|disconnected|from|rest|of|country
so they became increasingly disconnected from the rest of the country.
Enquanto isso rolava, a galera que não era da corte, como eu e você,
while|this|was happening|the|crowd|that|not|was|of the|court|like|I|and|you
Meanwhile, the people who weren't part of the court, like you and me,
passava o dia tentando arrumar um punhado de arroz para não morrer de fome.
was spending|the|day|trying|to get|a|handful|of|rice|to|not|to die|of|hunger
spent the day trying to find a handful of rice to avoid starving.
E isso ficava cada vez mais difícil.
and|this|it became|each|time|more|difficult
And this became increasingly difficult.
Lembra que as terras férteis japonesas eram do governo?
remember|that|the|lands|fertile|Japanese|they were|of the|government
Remember that the fertile Japanese lands belonged to the government?
Isso mudou no século X, e as terras usadas para plantar arroz passaram a ser particulares.
this|it changed|in the|century|X|and|the|lands|used|for|to plant|rice|they became|to|to be|private
That changed in the 10th century, and the lands used for rice planting became private.
E aí é aquela história de sempre que acontece no mundo inteiro.
and|then|it is|that|story|of|always|that|it happens|in the|world|entire
And then it's that same story that happens all over the world.
Os clãs mais poderosos tinham cada vez mais terras,
the|clans|most|powerful|they had|each|time|more|lands
The most powerful clans had more and more land,
e quem não tinha nada ficou com menos ainda.
and|who|not|had|nothing|he became|with|less|even
and those who had nothing ended up with even less.
Agora, muitas vezes um clã rico era dono de muitas terras,
now|many|times|a|clan|rich|it was|owner|of|many|lands
Now, often a wealthy clan owned a lot of land,
mas não tinha controle nenhum sobre essas propriedades
but|not|had|control|none|over|these|properties
but had no control over those properties.
que ficavam longe demais da sua base de poder.
that|they stayed|far|too|from the|their|base|of|power
who were too far from their power base.
A saída então era deixar essas terras nas mãos de nobres menores
The|exit|then|it was|to leave|these|lands|in the|hands|of|nobles|lesser
The solution then was to leave these lands in the hands of lesser nobles
que administravam o lugar e eram chamados de daimyo.
that|they administered|the|place|and|they were|called|of|daimyo
who managed the place and were called daimyo.
Esses nobres que administravam as províncias dos clãs foram se tornando mais e mais poderosos.
These|nobles|that|they administered|the|provinces|of the|clans|they became|themselves|becoming|more|and|more|powerful
These nobles who administered the clans' provinces became more and more powerful.
E aí, com o país todo fragmentado, começou a surgir uma coisa
and|there|with|the|country|whole|fragmented|started|to|emerge|a|thing
And then, with the whole country fragmented, something started to emerge
que vocês estão esperando desde o começo do vídeo,
that|you all|are|waiting|since|the|beginning|of the|video
that you have been waiting for since the beginning of the video,
que são uns guerreiros com umas espadas diferentes.
that|are|some|warriors|with|some|swords|different
which are some warriors with different swords.
A CIDADE DE GUERREIROS
the|CITY|OF|WARRIORS
THE CITY OF WARRIORS
Esses caras começaram a surgir da seguinte forma.
these|guys|they started|to|to appear|in the|following|way
These guys started to emerge in the following way.
Uma das obrigações daqueles nobres menores que cuidavam das terras era defender a propriedade.
one|of the|obligations|those|nobles|lesser|who|they took care|of the|lands|it was|to defend|the|property
One of the obligations of those lesser nobles who managed the lands was to defend the property.
Então, eles recrutavam guerreiros ali mesmo na província que administravam.
so|they|they recruited|warriors|there|right|in the|province|that|they governed
So, they recruited warriors right there in the province they administered.
Com isso, o Japão começou a ter exércitos regionais
with|that|the|Japan|it started|to|to have|armies|regional
As a result, Japan began to have regional armies.
que iam crescendo conforme alguns desses nobres faziam alianças com outros.
that|they were going|growing|as|some|of these|nobles|they were making|alliances|with|others
that were growing as some of these nobles made alliances with others.
Enquanto isso, as disputas pelo poder na corte aumentavam a cada dia,
while|this|the|disputes|for the|power|in the|court|they were increasing|to|every|day
Meanwhile, the disputes for power at court were increasing every day,
especialmente entre três famílias, os Fujiwara, os Taira e os Minamoto.
especially|among|three|families|the|Fujiwara|the|Taira|and|the|Minamoto
especially among three families, the Fujiwara, the Taira, and the Minamoto.
Aí, em 1153, essa briga deles virou guerra entre esses três clãs.
then|in|this|fight|of theirs|it turned|war|between|these|three|clans
Then, in 1153, their quarrel turned into war between these three clans.
De um lado, os Fujiwara. Do outro lado, os Taira e os Minamoto.
from|one|side|the|Fujiwara|on|other|side|the|Taira|and|the|Minamoto
On one side, the Fujiwara. On the other side, the Taira and the Minamoto.
E o resultado é que os Fujiwara, que mandavam no país desde o século VII, foram totalmente destruídos.
and|the|result|is|that|the|Fujiwara|who|ruled|in|country|since|the|century|VII|were|totally|destroyed
And the result is that the Fujiwara, who had ruled the country since the 7th century, were completely destroyed.
Agora, olha a bagunça. Os Taira e os Minamoto não eram exatamente amigos.
now|look|the|mess|the|Taira|and|the|Minamoto|not|were|exactly|friends
Now, look at the mess. The Taira and the Minamoto were not exactly friends.
E três anos depois, um entrou em guerra contra o outro com a vitória dos Taira.
and|three|years|later|one|entered|in|war|against|the|other|with|the|victory|of the|Taira
And three years later, one went to war against the other with the victory of the Taira.
Mas os Taira só pensavam em poder, não estavam absolutamente nem aí para o Japão.
but|the|Taira|only|thought|in|power|not|were|absolutely|not even|there|for|the|Japan
But the Taira only thought about power, they didn't care at all about Japan.
E galera, os Minamoto não tinham acabado não.
and|guys|the|Minamoto|not|had|finished|not
And guys, the Minamoto were not finished yet.
Eles estavam quietos no canto deles, recuperando as forças.
they|were|quiet|in|corner|their|recovering|the|strength
They were quietly in their corner, regaining strength.
Os Minamoto atacaram os Taira de surpresa, assumindo o controle da corte.
the|Minamoto|attacked|the|Taira|by|surprise|taking|the|control|of the|court
The Minamoto attacked the Taira by surprise, taking control of the court.
Eles avançam em direção ao inimigo e testam as forças do grande exército dos Taira.
they|advance|in|direction|to the|enemy|and|test|the|forces|of the|great|army|of the|Taira
They advance towards the enemy and test the strength of the great Taira army.
E o Japão nunca mais foi o mesmo.
and|the|Japan|never|more|was|the|same
And Japan was never the same again.
A partir daí, os militares passaram a ocupar cargos de destaque no governo.
from|starting|there|the|military|began|to|occupy|positions|of|prominence|in the|government
From then on, the military began to hold prominent positions in the government.
Sim, eu estou falando dos membros daqueles antigos exércitos regionais
yes|I|am|talking|of the|members|of those|ancient|armies|regional
Yes, I am talking about the members of those ancient regional armies.
que se tornaram uma elite militar japonesa com mais poder que a aristocracia.
that|themselves|they became|an|elite|military|Japanese|with|more|power|than|the|aristocracy
who became a Japanese military elite with more power than the aristocracy.
Eles eram conhecidos como Bushi, que é a palavra para guerreiro.
they|they were|known|as|Bushi|that|is|the|word|for|warrior
They were known as Bushi, which is the word for warrior.
Mas também são conhecidos por outro nome.
but|also|they are|known|by|another|name
But they are also known by another name.
Samurais!
Samurais
Samurais!
A partir do século XII, o arquipélago japonês ganhou uma das suas figuras mais famosas.
from|starting|the|century|12th|the|archipelago|Japanese|gained|one|of the|its|figures|most|famous
Starting from the 12th century, the Japanese archipelago gained one of its most famous figures.
Os samurais!
the|samurais
The samurais!
Esses caras não eram simples guerreiros ou soldados, mas sim uma elite militar.
these|guys|not|were|simple|warriors|or|soldiers|but|rather|an|elite|military
These guys were not just simple warriors or soldiers, but rather a military elite.
E a questão era hereditária, porque um samurai obrigatoriamente tinha que ser filho de um samurai.
and|the|question|was|hereditary|because|a|samurai|necessarily|had|to|to be|son|of|a|samurai
And the matter was hereditary, because a samurai had to be the son of a samurai.
Caso você tenha se perguntado um dia, a palavra samurai pode ser traduzida por aquele que serve.
if|you|have|reflexive pronoun|asked|a|day|the|word|samurai|can|be|translated|as|one|who|serves
If you have ever wondered, the word samurai can be translated as 'one who serves.'
E ela descreve muito bem esses guerreiros que agiam sempre pautados pela lealdade ao seu mestre,
and|it|describes|very|well|these|warriors|who|acted|always|guided|by the|loyalty|to the|their|master
And it describes very well these warriors who always acted based on loyalty to their master,
normalmente um proprietário de terras.
normally|a|owner|of|land
usually a landowner.
Agora, claro que essa lealdade dos samurais não era definitiva.
now|of course|that|this|loyalty|of the|samurais|not|was|definitive
Now, of course, this loyalty of the samurai was not definitive.
Existem muitos casos de samurais que passavam a seguir outro daimiô,
there are|many|cases|of|samurais|that|they passed|to|follow|another|daimyō
There are many cases of samurais who would then follow another daimyō,
especialmente quando começaram a identificar fraqueza no mestre anterior.
especially|when|they started|to|identify|weakness|in the|master|previous
especially when they began to identify weakness in their previous master.
Um líder sem carisma ou coragem dificilmente conseguia manter os samurais ao seu lado por muito tempo.
a|leader|without|charisma|or|courage|hardly|he managed|to keep|the|samurais|at|his|side|for|long|time
A leader without charisma or courage could hardly keep the samurais by his side for long.
Existiram também os famosos honins, que eram os samurais sem mestre.
there existed|also|the|famous|honin|that|they were|the|samurais|without|master
There were also the famous honin, who were the samurais without a master.
Os honins vagavam pelo Japão, normalmente aceitando trabalhos e emprego.
the|honins|wandered|through the|Japan|normally|accepting|jobs|and|employment
The honins wandered through Japan, usually accepting jobs and employment.
E eram muito temidos, porque como eles não tinham mestre, não ficavam mais presos ao código de honra dos samurais.
and|they were|very|feared|because|as|they|not|had|master|not|they remained|anymore|bound|to the|code|of|honor|of the|samurais
And they were very feared, because since they had no master, they were no longer bound by the samurai code of honor.
Aliás, uma curiosidade, o nome honin significa homem-onda,
by the way|a|curiosity|the|name|honin|means||
By the way, a curiosity, the name honin means wave-man,
porque ele se refere a um samurai que não tem destino como as ondas do mar.
because|it|itself|refers|to|a|samurai|that|not|has|destiny|like|the|waves|of the|sea
because it refers to a samurai who has no destination like the waves of the sea.
Esse não ter destino nem tanto é por ele vagar, mas também por ele ter uma vida de verdade.
this|not|to have|destination|not even|so much|is|for|he|to wander|but|also|for|he|to have|a|life|of|real
This lack of destination is not so much because he wanders, but also because he has a real life.
Esse não ter destino nem tanto é por ele vagar pelo Japão, porque alguns ficavam no mesmo território,
this|not|to have|destination|not even|so much|is|for|he|to wander|through the|Japan|because|some|stayed|in the|same|territory
This lack of destination is not so much because he wanders through Japan, because some stayed in the same territory,
mas sim por eles não terem um propósito fixo, que é a lealdade ao mestre.
but|indeed|for|they|not|to have|a|purpose|fixed|that|is|the|loyalty|to the|master
but rather because they did not have a fixed purpose, which is loyalty to the master.
Os samurais eram guerreiros responsáveis pela proteção de terras e muitas vezes do próprio Japão.
the|samurais|were|warriors|responsible|for the|protection|of|lands|and|many|times|of the|own|Japan
The samurai were warriors responsible for the protection of lands and often of Japan itself.
E mesmo com essa importante função, ainda se dedicavam à poesia, artes e filosofia.
and|even|with|this|important|function|still|themselves|they dedicated|to the|poetry|arts|and|philosophy
And even with this important role, they still dedicated themselves to poetry, arts, and philosophy.
É muito fácil reconhecer um samurai, porque eles estavam sempre com duas espadas penduradas no seu obi,
it is|very|easy|to recognize|a|samurai|because|they|they were|always|with|two|swords|hanging|on the|their|obi
It is very easy to recognize a samurai, because they were always with two swords hanging from their obi,
que é o cinturão que prende o kimono, na altura da cintura.
that|is|the|belt|that|holds|the|kimono|at the|height|of the|waist
which is the belt that holds the kimono, at waist height.
Mas eu ainda vou falar mais desses caras por aqui, mesmo porque chance para isso não vai faltar,
but|I|still|I will|to talk|more|about these|guys|for|here|even|because|chance|for|that|not|it will|to lack
But I will still talk more about these guys here, especially since there will be no shortage of opportunities for that,
já que os samurais vão começar a andar pelo Japão inteiro a partir de agora.
already|that|the|samurais|they will|start|to|walk|through the|Japan|entire|from|starting|from|now
since the samurais will start to walk all over Japan from now on.
Sempre que eu falar de militares ou soldados, eu estou falando de samurais,
always|that|I|talk|about|military|or|soldiers|I|I am|talking|about|samurais
Whenever I talk about military or soldiers, I am talking about samurais,
que se tornaram uma das figuras mais marcantes do Japão feudal.
that|themselves|they became|one|of the|figures|most|striking|of the|Japan|feudal
who became one of the most iconic figures of feudal Japan.
O FEUDALISMO
the|feudalism
FEUDALISM
Como assim Japão feudal?
how|so|Japan|feudal
What do you mean by feudal Japan?
Feudalismo não foi um lance que rolou na Europa, lá na Idade Média?
feudalism|not|was|a|thing|that|happened|in the|Europe|back|in the|Age|Middle
Feudalism wasn't something that happened in Europe, back in the Middle Ages?
Exatamente! Parabéns por prestar atenção nas aulas de História.
exactly|congratulations|for|paying|attention|in the|classes|of|History
Exactly! Congratulations for paying attention in History class.
O feudalismo foi um modelo político e econômico em que um senhor feudal,
the|feudalism|was|a|model|political|and|economic|in|that|a|lord|feudal
Feudalism was a political and economic model in which a feudal lord,
que tinha grandes porções de terra, cedia parte dessas terras para trabalhadores em troca de lealdade dos caras.
that|had|large|portions|of|land|ceded|part|of those|lands|to|workers|in|exchange|for|loyalty|of the|guys
who had large portions of land, ceded part of that land to workers in exchange for the loyalty of the guys.
Esse modelo ou variações disso rolaram na Europa durante boa parte da Idade Média,
this|model|or|variations|of this|rolled|in the|Europe|during|good|part|of the|Age|Middle
This model or variations of it rolled in Europe for a good part of the Middle Ages,
especialmente entre os séculos XI e XIII.
especially|between|the|centuries|11th|and|13th
especially between the 11th and 13th centuries.
E no Japão dessa época, a coisa foi parecida, especialmente na questão de distribuição de terras.
and|in the|Japan|of that|time|the|thing|was|similar|especially|in the|issue|of|distribution|of|land
And in Japan at that time, the situation was similar, especially regarding land distribution.
Mas diferente da Europa, que era formada por vários reinos diferentes,
but|different|from the|Europe|that|was|formed|by|several|kingdoms|different
But unlike Europe, which was made up of several different kingdoms,
cada um com o seu senhor, no Japão esse esquema era tudo coordenado pelo governo central.
each|one|with|its||lord|in the|Japan|this|system|was|all|coordinated|by the|government|central
each with its own lord, in Japan this system was all coordinated by the central government.
E nesse caso, estamos falando do famoso SHOGUN.
and|in this|case|we are|talking|about the|famous|shogun
And in this case, we are talking about the famous SHOGUN.
O SHOGUN
The|shogun
The SHOGUN
A prova de que o poder no Japão estava nas mãos dos samurais aconteceu em 1192,
the|proof|of|that|the|power|in|Japan|was|in the|hands|of the|samurai|happened|in
The proof that power in Japan was in the hands of the samurai occurred in 1192,
quando o imperador nomeou o chefe do clã Minamoto, o Yoritomo Minamoto, como SHOGUN.
when|the|emperor|appointed|the|chief|of the|clan|Minamoto|the|Yoritomo|Minamoto|as|shogun
when the emperor appointed the head of the Minamoto clan, Yoritomo Minamoto, as SHOGUN.
Ou seja, o chefe de tudo.
or|rather|the|chief|of|everything
In other words, the head of everything.
Esse título tinha sido criado com o nome de SEITAI SHOGUN,
this|title|had|been|created|with|the|name|of|seitai|shogun
This title had been created under the name of SEITAI SHOGUN,
que significa o grande general conquistador de bárbaros.
that|means|the|great|general|conqueror|of|barbarians
which means the great general conqueror of barbarians.
Já tinha sido usado por alguns militares.
already|had|been|used|by|some|military
It had already been used by some military leaders.
Mas ele era apenas isso mesmo, um título militar.
but|he|was|just|that|really|a|title|military
But he was just that, a military title.
A partir daqui, a palavra SHOGUN virou sinônimo de poder político,
from|starting|here|the|word|SHOGUN|became|synonym|of|power|political
From here on, the word SHOGUN became synonymous with political power,
porque quem ocupava esse cargo era literalmente a pessoa que mandaria no Japão.
because|who|occupied|that|position|was|literally|the|person|that|would command|in|Japan
because the person who held that position was literally the one who would rule Japan.
E a relação entre o SHOGUN e o imperador é literalmente uma via de mão dupla.
and|the|relationship|between|the|shogun|and|the|emperor|is|literally|a|way|of|hand|double
And the relationship between the SHOGUN and the emperor is literally a two-way street.
Por um lado, é o SHOGUN que manda no Japão.
for|one|side|is|the|shogun|that|commands|in|Japan
On one hand, it is the SHOGUN who rules Japan.
Por outro lado, uma pessoa só pode ter esse cargo se for nomeada pelo imperador.
for|other|side|a|person|only|can|have|that|position|if|is|appointed|by the|emperor
On the other hand, a person can only hold that position if appointed by the emperor.
Agora, o Minamoto queria a distância de todas aquelas intrigas da corte imperial,
now|the|Minamoto|wanted|the|distance|from|all|those|intrigues|from the|court|imperial
Now, the Minamoto wanted to distance himself from all those intrigues of the imperial court,
então passou a governar da cidade de Kamakura.
then|he began|to|govern|from the|city|of|Kamakura
so he began to govern from the city of Kamakura.
E essa escolha não foi por acaso.
and|this|choice|not|it was|by|chance
And this choice was not by chance.
A cidade de Kamakura, que é a primeira cidade samurai da história,
the|city|of|Kamakura|which|is|the|first|city|samurai|in the|history
The city of Kamakura, which is the first samurai city in history,
era cercada por montanhas que funcionavam como muralhas naturais
it was|surrounded|by|mountains|that|functioned|as|walls|natural
it was surrounded by mountains that acted as natural walls
e com uma saída para o mar, que o SHOGUN deixava protegida com navios de guerra.
and|with|an|exit|to|the|sea|that|the|SHOGUN|left|protected|with|ships|of|war
and with an exit to the sea, which the SHOGUN kept protected with warships.
Então ela era praticamente impenetrável.
so|it|it was|practically|impenetrable
So it was practically impenetrable.
Se você fosse SHOGUN, com certeza iria querer morar ali.
if|you|were|SHOGUN|with|certainty|you would go|to want|to live|there
If you were the SHOGUN, you would definitely want to live there.
Mas a coisa começou a complicar, porque esse primeiro SHOGUN foi alvo de conspirações
but|the|thing|started|to|complicate|because|this|first|shogun|was|target|of|conspiracies
But things started to get complicated, because this first SHOGUN was the target of conspiracies.
e algumas delas o colocaram contra membros da sua própria família.
and|some|of them|him|placed|against|members|of the|his|own|family
And some of them turned him against members of his own family.
Aí, quando ele morreu, em 1199, não tinha sobrado ninguém na sua família com poder suficiente para herdar o cargo.
then|when|he|died|in|not|had|remained|no one|in the|his|family|with|power|enough|to|inherit|the|position
Then, when he died in 1199, there was no one left in his family with enough power to inherit the position.
Sabe qual a saída que encontraram?
do you know|what|the|way out|that|they found
Do you know what solution they found?
Criaram um regente, ou seja, um cara que ficava nos bastidores determinando o que o SHOGUN tinha que fazer.
they created|a|regent|or|that is|a|guy|who|he stayed|in the|backstage|determining|what|to|||||to do
They created a regent, that is, a guy who stayed behind the scenes determining what the SHOGUN had to do.
O imperador não mandava nada porque quem mandava era o SHOGUN,
the|emperor|not|he commanded|anything|because|who|he commanded|he was|the|shogun
The emperor didn't command anything because the one who commanded was the SHOGUN,
mas o SHOGUN não mandava em nada porque quem mandava era o regente.
but|the|shogun|not|he commanded|in|anything|because|who|he commanded|he was|the|regent
but the SHOGUN didn't command anything because the one who commanded was the regent.
Mas que confusão!
but|what|confusion
What a mess!
Só que aí aconteceu algo que ninguém esperava.
only|that|then|happened|something|that|no one|expected
But then something happened that no one expected.
Todos os samurais tiveram que pegarem armas!
all|the|samurais|they had|to|take|weapons
All the samurais had to grab weapons!
Não por causa de mais uma guerra civil, e sim porque o Japão foi invadido.
not|for|cause|of|another|a|war|civil|and|but|because|the|Japan|was|invaded
Not because of another civil war, but because Japan was invaded.
Vamos olhar um pouco para a Ásia.
let's go|look|a|little|at|the|Asia
Let's take a look at Asia.
Enquanto o Japão passava por todos aqueles conflitos que deram origem ao Shogunato,
while|the|Japan|was going|through|all|those|conflicts|that|gave|origin|to the|Shogunate
While Japan was going through all those conflicts that gave rise to the Shogunate,
um cara chamado Temujin começou a unir as tribos mongóis e criou um dos maiores impérios de todos os tempos.
a|guy|named|Temujin|started|to|unite|the|tribes|Mongolian|and|created|an|of the|greatest|empires|of|all|the|times
a guy named Temujin started to unite the Mongolian tribes and created one of the greatest empires of all time.
Sim, esse cara é o famoso Gengis Khan.
yes|this|guy|is|the|famous|Genghis|Khan
Yes, this guy is the famous Genghis Khan.
Ele era o primeiro em se tornar um império de mongóis.
he|was|the|first|to|himself|to become|an|empire|of|Mongolian
He was the first to establish a Mongolian empire.
E ele foi o primeiro em se tornar um império de mongóis.
and|he|was|the|first|to|himself|to become|an|empire|of|Mongols
And he was the first to become an empire of Mongols.
Depois que ele morreu, um de seus filhos e os netos do Gengis Khan estão controlando os serviços.
after|that|he|died|one|of|his|sons|and|the|grandsons|of|Genghis|Khan|are|controlling|the|services
After he died, one of his sons and the grandsons of Genghis Khan are controlling the services.
Com todos esses dois aqui no meio do rio, do ninho e de poucasìnhu tá em volta.
with|all|these|two|here|in|middle|of|river|of|nest|and|of|few|is|around|
With both of these two here in the middle of the river, the nest and a few things are around.
Mas tudo que se deve a isso,boy, é esperar que arise um dia de paz.
but|everything|that|oneself|must|to|this|boy|is|to wait|that|will arise|a|day|of|peace
But all that is due to this, boy, is to hope that a day of peace arises.
E agora, você já sabe a verdade.
and|now|you|already|know|the|truth
And now, you already know the truth.
Um barbarião brutal que matou milhões.
a|barbarian|brutal|that|killed|millions
A brutal barbarian who killed millions.
Depois que ele morreu, um de seus filhos e os netos do Gengis Khan passaram a comandar os domínios conquistados pelo império.
after|that|he|died|one|of|his|sons|and|the|grandsons|of the|Genghis|Khan|began|to|to command|the|domains|conquered|by the|empire
After he died, one of his sons and the grandsons of Genghis Khan began to rule the territories conquered by the empire.
Um desses netos se chamava Kublai Khan, que conquistou a Coreia, a China e decidiu que a galera do Japão deveria começar a pagar um tributo para ele.
one|of those|grandsons|himself|was called|Kublai|Khan|that|conquered|the|Korea|the|China|and|decided|that|the|people|of the|Japan|should|to start|to|to pay|a|tribute|to|him
One of those grandsons was named Kublai Khan, who conquered Korea, China, and decided that the people of Japan should start paying tribute to him.
Como o governo japonês mandou avisar que não ia pagar nada, o Khan decidiu mostrar quem é que mandava ali.
as|the|government|Japanese|sent|to warn|that|not|was going to|to pay|anything|the|Khan|decided|to show|who|is|that|ruled|there
As the Japanese government sent word that they would not pay anything, the Khan decided to show who was in charge there.
Por isso, em 1274, barcos transportando milhares de soldados mongóis surgiram no litoral da ilha de Tsushima.
for|that|in|boats|transporting|thousands|of|soldiers|Mongolian|appeared|on the|coast|of the|island|of|Tsushima
Therefore, in 1274, ships carrying thousands of Mongol soldiers appeared on the coast of Tsushima Island.
Essa é a história do jogo Ghost of Tsushima, do Playstation.
this|is|the|story|of the|game|Ghost|of|Tsushima|of the|Playstation
This is the story of the game Ghost of Tsushima, for Playstation.
Se você tem Playstation, cara, joga esse jogo que ele é fantástico.
if|you|have|Playstation|dude|play|this|game|that|it|is|fantastic
If you have a Playstation, man, play this game because it is fantastic.
Nós somos 80 samurais contra um exército, lutando para a invasão.
we|are|samurais|against|an|army|fighting|for|the|invasion
We are 80 samurais against an army, fighting for the invasion.
Hoje, eu morro por minha população.
today|I|die|for|my|population
Today, I die for my people.
Tsushima foi conquistada em poucos dias.
Tsushima|was|conquered|in|few|days
Tsushima was conquered in a few days.
Primeiro, porque o exército mongó era gigante.
first|because|the|army|Mongol|was|giant
First, because the Mongol army was huge.
Segundo, os japoneses foram surpreendidos com a forma com que os mongóis lutavam, usando escudos e bombas feitas com uma estranha substância negra chamada pólvora.
second|the|Japanese|they were|surprised|with|the|way|with|that|the|Mongols|they fought|using|shields|and|bombs|made|with|a|strange|substance|black|called|gunpowder
Secondly, the Japanese were surprised by the way the Mongols fought, using shields and bombs made with a strange black substance called gunpowder.
Outra coisa que atrapalhou demais os japoneses era, acredite se quiser, o barulho.
another|thing|that|it hindered|too much|the|Japanese|it was|believe|if|you want|the|noise
Another thing that greatly hindered the Japanese was, believe it or not, the noise.
Lembra aquela copa do mundo da África que ninguém conseguia jogar direito por causa do barulho das vovozelas?
remember|that|cup|of the|world|in the|Africa|that|no one|could|play|right|because of|cause|of the|noise|of the|
Remember that World Cup in Africa where no one could play properly because of the noise from the vuvuzelas?
Era a mesma coisa.
it was|the|same|thing
It was the same thing.
Os mongóis usavam cornetas, tambores, gongos.
the|Mongols|used|trumpets|drums|gongs
The Mongols used trumpets, drums, gongs.
Era tanto barulho...
it was|so much|noise
There was so much noise...
...que os samurais e seus cavalos ficavam desorientados.
that|the|samurais|and|their|horses|became|disoriented
...that the samurai and their horses became disoriented.
Depois disso, os mongóis conquistaram a ilha de Iki e desembarcaram na ilha de Kyushu.
after|that|the|Mongols|conquered|the|island|of|Iki|and|landed|on the|island|of|Kyushu
After that, the Mongols conquered the island of Iki and landed on the island of Kyushu.
Nessa batalha, as coisas já estavam mais equilibradas, com 3 mil samurais defendendo a ilha.
in this|battle|the|things|already|were|more|balanced|with|thousand|samurais|defending|the|island
In this battle, things were already more balanced, with 3,000 samurais defending the island.
No final, o conflito não teve vencedores e à noite, os mongóis recuaram para os barcos.
in the|end|the|conflict|not|had|winners|and|at the|night|the|Mongols|withdrew|to|the|boats
In the end, the conflict had no winners and at night, the Mongols retreated to their boats.
E aí, durante a noite, aconteceu algo que ninguém esperava.
and|then|during|the|night|happened|something|that|no one|expected
And then, during the night, something happened that no one expected.
Um tufão violento surgiu do nada e destruiu os barcos mongóis.
a|typhoon|violent|appeared|out of|nowhere|and|destroyed|the|boats|Mongol
A violent typhoon appeared out of nowhere and destroyed the Mongol boats.
Milhares de invasores se afogaram, acabando com os planos do Khan.
thousands|of|invaders|themselves|drowned|ending|with|the|plans|of the|Khan
Thousands of invaders drowned, ruining Khan's plans.
O Khan não ficou nada feliz com isso, mas sabia que o Japão teve sorte, sendo salvo pela força da natureza.
the|Khan|not|became|nothing|happy|with|this|but|knew|that|the|Japan|had|luck|being|saved|by the|force|of the|nature
The Khan was not happy about this, but he knew that Japan was lucky, being saved by the force of nature.
Então, ele começou a preparar uma nova invasão, que rolou em 1281.
then|he|started|to|prepare|a|new|invasion|that|happened|in
So, he began to prepare a new invasion, which took place in 1281.
Galera, foi quase um repeteco da primeira vez.
guys|it was|almost|a|repeat|of the|first|time
Guys, it was almost a repeat of the first time.
Mas, numa escala maior e com mais conflitos, os mongóis tacaram o terror em Tsushima
but|on a|scale|larger|and|with|more|conflicts|the|Mongols|struck|the|terror|in|Tsushima
But, on a larger scale and with more conflicts, the Mongols unleashed terror in Tsushima
e Iki e avançaram pelo arquipélago, chegando novamente até a baía de Hakata, na ilha de Kyushu.
and|Iki|and|advanced|through the|archipelago|arriving|again|to|the|bay|of|Hakata|on the|island|of|Kyushu
and Iki and advanced through the archipelago, reaching again the bay of Hakata, on the island of Kyushu.
Mas, dessa vez, os japoneses estavam mais preparados e tinham construído até um muro enorme de pedra
but|this|time|the|Japanese|were|more|prepared|and|had|built|even|a|wall|huge|of|stone
But this time, the Japanese were better prepared and had even built a huge stone wall
para defender o lugar. Então, os mongóis tiveram que recuar.
to|defend|the|place|so|the|Mongols|had|to|retreat
to defend the place. So, the Mongols had to retreat.
Mas nada disso mudava o fato de que a vitória dos invasores parecia ser questão de tempo,
but|nothing|of this|changed|the|fact|that|that|the|victory|of the|invaders|seemed|to be|question|of|time
But none of this changed the fact that the invaders' victory seemed to be a matter of time,
porque seus exércitos eram enormes e muito bem equipados.
because|their|armies|were|huge|and|very|well|equipped
because their armies were huge and very well equipped.
E aí, sabe o que rolou?
and|then|you know|what|that|happened
And then, you know what happened?
É, eu sei, vocês vão achar que eu estou de sacanagem.
yeah|I|know|you all|will|think|that|I|am|of|joking
Yeah, I know, you guys are going to think I'm joking.
Eu também pensaria isso.
I|also|would think|that
I would think that too.
Sim, outro tufão.
yes|another|typhoon
Yes, another typhoon.
A natureza ajudou mais uma vez e destruiu os barcos mongóis de novo.
the|nature|helped|more|one|time|and|destroyed|the|boats|Mongolian|of|again
Nature helped once again and destroyed the Mongolian boats again.
Olha aí a prova definitiva de que os airbenders existem.
look|there|the|proof|definitive|that|that|the|airbenders|exist
There is the definitive proof that airbenders exist.
Os generais invasores fugiram nos barcos que sobraram, deixando para trás milhares de soldados.
the|generals|invading|they fled|in the|boats|that|remained|leaving|for|behind|thousands|of|soldiers
The invading generals fled on the remaining boats, leaving behind thousands of soldiers.
Sem comida ou equipamentos, esses caras foram massacrados pelos japoneses.
without|food|or|equipment|these|guys|they were|massacred|by the|Japanese
Without food or equipment, these guys were massacred by the Japanese.
O placar final foi Tufões japoneses 2, mongóis 0.
the|score|final|it was|Typhoons|Japanese|Mongols
The final score was Japanese Typhoons 2, Mongols 0.
Será que isso é verdade mesmo?
will it be|that|this|is|truth|really
Is this really true?
Esse lance de duas invasões serem derrotadas por causa de dois tufões na arma.
this|thing|of|two|invasions|to be|defeated|by|cause|of|two|typhoons|in the|weapon
This thing about two invasions being defeated because of two typhoons in the weapon.
Olha, por mais que essa história seja legal demais, tudo indica que nada aconteceu exatamente dessa forma.
look|for|more|that|this|story|is|cool|too|everything|indicates|that|nothing|happened|exactly|this|way
Look, as much as this story is really cool, everything indicates that nothing happened exactly this way.
As histórias que falam desses tufões foram escritas por gente que sequer estava perto dos lugares onde os mongóis desembarcaram.
the|stories|that|talk|of these|typhoons|were|written|by|people|that|not even|was|near|of the|places|where|the|mongols|landed
The stories that talk about these typhoons were written by people who weren't even close to the places where the Mongols landed.
Já os relatos de gente que participou da batalha não fala de tufão nenhum.
already|the|accounts|of|people|that|participated|in the|battle|not|talk|of|typhoon|any
On the other hand, the accounts of people who participated in the battle don't mention any typhoon.
No máximo de uma tempestade normal durante a primeira invasão.
not|maximum|of|a|storm|normal|during|the|first|invasion
At most from a normal storm during the first invasion.
Mas de onde teria vindo então essa história?
but|from|where|would have|come|then|this|story
But where would this story have come from then?
Uma teoria diz que sacerdotes de diversos santuários teriam falado que os tufões eram provas de que os deuses tinham salvado o Japão.
a|theory|says|that|priests|from|various|sanctuaries|would have|said|that|the|typhoons|were|proof|that|that|the|gods|had|saved|the|Japan
One theory says that priests from various shrines would have claimed that the typhoons were proof that the gods had saved Japan.
O que faria esses templos caírem nas graças do imperador e do Shogunato?
what|that|would make|these|temples|fall|into the|graces|of the|emperor|and|of the|Shogunate
What would make these temples fall into the graces of the emperor and the Shogunate?
Mas se não teve tufão, então como os japoneses resistiram a essas invasões?
but|if|not|had|typhoon|then|how|the|Japanese|resisted|to|these|invasions
But if there was no typhoon, then how did the Japanese resist these invasions?
A história tem algumas explicações mais concretas para isso.
the|history|has|some|explanations|more|concrete|for|that
History has some more concrete explanations for this.
Primeiro, os japoneses lutavam em terrenos que eles conheciam.
first|the|Japanese|fought|in|terrains|that|they|knew
First, the Japanese fought on terrain they knew.
E era péssimo para os exércitos mongóis que nem esperavam tanta resistência e tinha dificuldade para lutar em praias e vales estreitos entre montanhas.
and|it was|terrible|for|the|armies|Mongolian|that|not even|expected|so much|resistance|and|had|difficulty|to|fight|in|beaches|and|valleys|narrow|between|mountains
And it was terrible for the Mongol armies who did not expect such resistance and had difficulty fighting on beaches and narrow valleys between mountains.
E as próprias forças mongóis estavam longe de serem unidas.
and|the|own|forces|Mongolian|they were|far|from|being|united
And the Mongol forces themselves were far from being united.
Porque como eles incorporavam povos conquistados ao exército, muita gente só estava ali lutando porque era obrigada.
because|as|they|they incorporated|peoples|conquered|to the|army|a lot of|people|only|she was|there|fighting|because|she was|obliged
Because as they incorporated conquered peoples into the army, many people were only there fighting because they were forced to.
Mas o ponto mais importante mesmo são os samurais que adaptaram todo o seu estilo de combate para resistir à invasão.
but|the|point|most|important|really|they are|the|samurais|who|they adapted|all|the|their|style|of|combat|to|to resist|to the|invasion
But the most important point is the samurai who adapted their entire fighting style to resist the invasion.
Aliás, é aí que surge a figura clássica do samurai com a sua espada.
moreover|it is|there|that|it emerges|the|figure|classic|of the|samurai|with|the|his|sword
In fact, this is where the classic figure of the samurai with his sword emerges.
E essa história é muito legal.
and|this|story|is|very|cool
And this story is very cool.
Até esse momento, a maior parte dos samurais era especialista em arco e flechas.
until|that|moment|the|largest|part|of the|samurais|was|specialist|in|bow|and|arrows
Until that moment, most samurais were specialists in bows and arrows.
Mas aí eles perceberam que poderiam resistir à invasão levando a guerra para dentro dos navios mongóis porque os invasores não conseguiam lutar em espaços apertados.
but|then|they|realized|that|could|resist|to the|invasion|taking|the|war|to|inside|of the|ships|Mongolian|because|the|invaders|not|could|fight|in|spaces|tight
But then they realized that they could resist the invasion by taking the war inside the Mongolian ships because the invaders couldn't fight in tight spaces.
Então foi aí que os samurais começaram a usar uma espada como arma primária.
so|was|then|that|the|samurais|started|to|use|a|sword|as|weapon|primary
So that's when the samurais began to use a sword as their primary weapon.
Graças a isso, muitos soldados mongóis morreram nos barcos sem nem colocar os pés no Japão.
thanks|to|this|many|soldiers|Mongolian|died|in the|boats|without|even|putting|the|feet|in|Japan
Thanks to this, many Mongolian soldiers died on the boats without even setting foot in Japan.
E os arcos e flechas foram para os camponeses que ajudaram a combater os invasores formando uma linha de infantaria que também fazia uso de lanças para derrotar as cavalarias mongóis.
and|the|bows|and|arrows|were|for|the|peasants|who|helped|to|fight|the|invaders|forming|a|line|of|infantry|that|also|made|use|of|spears|to|defeat|the|cavalry|Mongolian
And the bows and arrows went to the peasants who helped fight the invaders by forming an infantry line that also used spears to defeat the Mongolian cavalry.
Mas sabe o que é mais legal?
but|you know|the|that|is|more|cool
But do you know what is even cooler?
Esses supostos tufões que teriam salvado o Japão existindo de verdade ou não passaram a ser chamados de Ventos Divinos.
these|supposed|typhoons|that|would have|saved|the|Japan|existing|of|truth|or|not|they began|to|to be|called|of|Winds|Divine
These supposed typhoons that may have saved Japan, whether they existed or not, came to be called Divine Winds.
Que em japonês é uma palavra bastante conhecida.
that|in|Japanese|is|a|word|quite|known
Which in Japanese is a well-known word.
Kamikazes.
Kamikazes
Kamikazes.
Essa palavra ainda vai aparecer por aqui.
this|word|still|will|appear|around|here
This word will appear here again.
Mesmo com a vitória, a invasão gerou uma enorme crise política no Japão.
even|with|the|victory|the|invasion|generated|a|huge|crisis|political|in the|Japan
Even with the victory, the invasion caused a huge political crisis in Japan.
Os samurais que enfrentaram e expulsaram os mongóis da ilha nunca receberam nenhum tipo de recompensa por isso.
the|samurais|that|faced|and|expelled|the|Mongols|from the|island|never|received|any|kind|of|reward|for|that
The samurai who faced and expelled the Mongols from the island never received any kind of reward for it.
Algo que eles achavam que seria justo.
something|that|they|thought|that|would be|fair
Something they thought would be fair.
Foi tipo, ah beleza, vocês fizeram de tudo para proteger o Japão, parabéns, vamos tocar a vida agora, né?
it was|like|ah|cool|you|did|everything||to|protect|the|Japan|congratulations|let's|move|the|life|now|right
It was like, oh great, you did everything to protect Japan, congratulations, let's move on with life now, right?
É claro que eles ficaram totalmente insatisfeitos com o Shogunato.
it is|clear|that|they|became|totally|dissatisfied|with|the|Shogunate
Of course, they were completely dissatisfied with the Shogunate.
Em 1318, quem subiu ao trono foi o Imperador Godaigo, que decidiu que era hora do poder voltar para a família imperial declarando guerra ao Shogunato.
in|who|ascended|to the|throne|was|the|Emperor|Godaigo|who|decided|that|it was|time|for the|power|to return|to|the|family|imperial|declaring|war|on the|Shogunate
In 1318, the Emperor Godaigo ascended to the throne, deciding it was time for power to return to the imperial family by declaring war on the Shogunate.
A galera do Shogun, claro, resolveu peitar o cara.
the|crowd|of the|Shogun|of course|decided|to confront|the|guy
The Shogun's crew, of course, decided to confront him.
O problema é que um dos principais generais do Shogunato, chamado Takauchi Ashikaga,
the|problem|is|that|one|of the|main|generals|of the|Shogunate|named|Takauchi|Ashikaga
The problem is that one of the main generals of the Shogunate, named Takauchi Ashikaga,
era descendente de uma ramificação dos Minamoto, ou seja, ele tinha direito a ocupar o cargo de Shogun.
was|descendant|of|a|branch|of the|Minamoto|or|that is|he|had|right|to|to hold|the|position|of|Shogun
was a descendant of a branch of the Minamoto, meaning he had the right to hold the position of Shogun.
Juntando isso com o fato de que ele também estava de saco cheio com a forma com que o Shogunato estava tocando o Japão,
joining|this|with|the|fact|that|that|he|also|was|of|sack|full|with|the|way|that|that|the|Shogunate|was|running|the|Japan
Adding this to the fact that he was also fed up with the way the Shogunate was running Japan,
começou a pensar que, se eu me juntar a esse imperador, eu consigo criar um exército bem grande.
he started|to|think|that|if|I|myself|join|to|this|emperor|I|I can|create|an|army|quite|large
he began to think that if he joined this emperor, he could create a pretty large army.
Não deu outra, ele mudou de lado e se aliou à família imperial.
not|it gave|another|he|he changed|of|side|and|himself|he allied|to the|family|imperial
Sure enough, he switched sides and allied himself with the imperial family.
Essa traição literalmente decretou a queda do Shogunato e deu a vitória ao Imperador em 1333.
this|betrayal|literally|it decreed|the|fall|of the|Shogunate|and|it gave|the|victory|to the|Emperor|in
This betrayal literally sealed the fate of the Shogunate and gave victory to the Emperor in 1333.
Espera aí, Castelo, você não disse que a cidade de Kamakura era praticamente uma fortaleza natural?
wait|there|Castle|you|not|said|that|the|city|of|Kamakura|was|practically|a|fortress|natural
Wait a minute, Castle, didn't you say that the city of Kamakura was practically a natural fortress?
Como esse cara fez seu exército derrubar o Shogunato?
how|this|guy|made|his|army|to overthrow|the|Shogunate
How did this guy make his army overthrow the Shogunate?
Existe uma lenda que diz que isso aconteceu com um samurai que passou semanas tentando tomar a cidade sem sucesso.
there is|a|legend|that|says|that|this|happened|with|a|samurai|that|spent|weeks|trying|to take|the|city|without|success
There is a legend that says this happened with a samurai who spent weeks trying to take the city without success.
Aí uma noite ele ofereceu sua espada aos deuses dragões do mar.
then|a|night|he|offered|his|sword|to the|gods|dragons|of the|sea
Then one night he offered his sword to the sea dragon gods.
No dia seguinte, as marés tinham baixado e levado os navios de guerra para longe,
on|day|following|the|tides|they had|lowered|and|taken|the|ships|of|war|to|far
The next day, the tides had receded and taken the warships away,
deixando uma entrada para os seus soldados que invadiram a cidade marchando sobre o solo marítimo seco.
leaving|an|entrance|for|the|their|soldiers|who|they invaded|the|city|marching|on|the|ground|maritime|dry
leaving an entrance for their soldiers who invaded the city marching over the dry seabed.
Sim, sim, isso é uma lenda, mas tudo indica que Kamakura caiu desse jeito mesmo,
yes|yes|this|it is|a|legend|but|everything|it indicates|that|Kamakura|it fell|that|way|indeed
Yes, yes, this is a legend, but everything indicates that Kamakura fell this way,
com os navios de guerra desaparecendo, porque quando a maré baixou, a área retrocedeu por quilômetros,
with|the|ships|of|war|disappearing|because|when|the|tide|it lowered|the|area|it receded|by|kilometers
with the warships disappearing, because when the tide went out, the area receded by miles,
pois isso é uma característica dessa região.
for|this|is|a|characteristic|of this|region
for this is a characteristic of this region.
Então não foram os dragões do mar, mas sim a própria geografia que fez Kamakura e o Shogunato caírem.
so|not|were|the|dragons|of the|sea|but|indeed|the|own|geography|that|made|Kamakura|and|the|Shogunate|fall
So it wasn't the sea dragons, but rather the geography itself that caused Kamakura and the Shogunate to fall.
Em 1333, o Imperador Godaigo entrou em Kyoto com o general Ashikaga ao seu lado
in|the|Emperor|Godaigo|entered|in|Kyoto|with|the|general|Ashikaga|at the|his|side
In 1333, Emperor Godaigo entered Kyoto with General Ashikaga by his side.
e o poder voltou para a mão do Imperador num lance conhecido como Restauração Kenmu.
and|the|power|returned|to|the|hand|of the|Emperor|in a|move|known|as|Restoration|Kenmu
and power returned to the hands of the Emperor in an event known as the Kenmu Restoration.
Sabe quanto tempo durou essa nova política japonesa?
you know|how|time|lasted|this|new|policy|Japanese
Do you know how long this new Japanese policy lasted?
Décadas? Séculos? Não, três anos.
decades|centuries|no|three|years
Decades? Centuries? No, three years.
Isso porque o Imperador Godaigo foi, digamos assim, meio tolinho.
that|because|the|emperor|Godaigo|he was|let's say|like this|kind of|silly
That's because Emperor Godaigo was, let's say, a bit foolish.
Ele começou a falar que era ele quem iria mandar no Japão, que não ia ter Shogun nenhum,
he|he started|to|to talk|that|it was|he|who|he would|to command|in|Japan|that|not|he would|to have|Shogun|any
He started saying that he was the one who would rule Japan, that there would be no Shogun at all,
que os militares não ia pitar mais nada.
that|the|military|not|was going to|whistle|anymore|nothing
that the military was not going to whistle anymore.
Claro que os samurais não curtiram nada disso.
of course|that|the|samurai|not|liked|nothing|of this
Of course, the samurai did not like any of this.
Resultado, dez minutos depois disso, o Imperador foi deposto e quem assumiu o trono foi um membro da família imperial,
result|ten|minutes|after|of this|the|Emperor|was|deposed|and|who|assumed|the|throne|was|a|member|of the|family|imperial
As a result, ten minutes after that, the Emperor was deposed and a member of the imperial family took the throne,
que não era bobo e nomeou o Ashikaga como Shogun em 1338.
that|not|was|fool|and|appointed|the|Ashikaga|as|Shogun|in
who was not foolish and appointed the Ashikaga as Shogun in 1338.
Mas esse Imperador Godaigo era teimoso, galera.
but|this|emperor|Godaigo|was|stubborn|guys
But this Emperor Godaigo was stubborn, folks.
Ele fugiu para o sul do Japão e montou um governo paralelo, literalmente rachando o país.
he|fled|to|the|south|of the|Japan|and|set up|a|government|parallel|literally|splitting|the|country
He fled to the south of Japan and set up a parallel government, literally splitting the country.
Agora tinha uma corte do sul com o Imperador e uma corte do norte com o outro Imperador e um Shogun.
now|there was|a|court|of the|south|with|the|emperor|and|a|court|of the|north|with|the|other|emperor|and|a|shogun
Now there was a southern court with the Emperor and a northern court with the other Emperor and a Shogun.
E quem começou a se dar mal com isso foi o pessoal do norte, onde as províncias eram controladas pelos aliados do Shogun.
and|who|started|to|oneself|to give|bad|with|this|was|the|people|of the|north|where|the|provinces|were|controlled|by the|allies|of the|shogun
And the ones who started to suffer from this were the people in the north, where the provinces were controlled by the Shogun's allies.
Esses senhores feudais, chamados daimyo, tinham cada vez mais poder nas suas terras.
these|lords|feudal|called|daimyo|they had|each|time|more|power|in the|their|lands
These feudal lords, called daimyo, had more and more power in their lands.
Então não curtiam muito essa ideia de obedecer um Shogun? Isso não tá legal não.
so|not|they liked|much|this|idea|of|to obey|a|Shogun|that|not|is|cool|not
So they didn't really like the idea of obeying a Shogun? That's not cool.
Então o Shogunato tinha que lidar com o governo rival no sul e o perigo constante de guerra civil entre seus aliados.
so|the|shogunate|it had|to|to deal|with|the|government|rival|in the|south|and|the|danger|constant|of|war|civil|among|its|allies
So the Shogunate had to deal with the rival government in the south and the constant danger of civil war among its allies.
Isso só mudou quando um cara chamado Yoshimitsu Ashikaga se tornou Shogun.
that|only|it changed|when|a|guy|called|Yoshimitsu|Ashikaga|himself|he became|Shogun
This only changed when a guy named Yoshimitsu Ashikaga became Shogun.
Além de manter suas províncias sobre controle, ele finalmente unificou as duas facções do clã imperial,
besides|of|to keep|his|provinces|under|control|he|finally|unified|the|two|factions|of the|clan|imperial
In addition to keeping his provinces under control, he finally unified the two factions of the imperial clan,
fazendo a corte japonesa voltar a ser uma só.
making|the|court|Japanese|to return|to|to be|one|only
making the Japanese court one again.
Ou seja, o Shogun e o Yoshimitsu literalmente salvou o dia.
or|that is|the|Shogun|and|the|Yoshimitsu|literally|saved|the|day
In other words, the Shogun and Yoshimitsu literally saved the day.
Mas depois que o Yoshimitsu morreu em 1408, o Shogunato começou a perder de novo o apoio dos daimyos.
but|after|that|the|Yoshimitsu|died|in|the|Shogunate|began|to|to lose|again|new|the|support|of the|daimyos
But after Yoshimitsu died in 1408, the Shogunate began to lose support from the daimyos again.
E dessa vez a coisa foi ficando cada vez mais tensa, até explodir de vez em 1464,
and|this|time|the|thing|was|becoming|each|time|more|tense|until|to explode|of|once|in
And this time things were getting more and more tense, until it finally exploded in 1464,
quando a escolha de quem seria o próximo Shogun causou uma guerra dentro da própria família Ashikaga.
when|the|choice|of|who|would be|the|next|Shogun|caused|a|war|inside|of the|own|family|Ashikaga
when the choice of who would be the next Shogun caused a war within the Ashikaga family itself.
E aí claro que os daimyos do Japão inteiro perceberam que a cadeira de Shogun seria de quem tivesse mais prestígio.
and|there|of course|that|the|daimyos|of the|Japan|entire|realized|that|the|chair|of|Shogun|would be|of|who|had|more|prestige
And of course, the daimyos from all over Japan realized that the Shogun's seat would go to whoever had the most prestige.
Assim começaram a rolar diversas batalhas pelo Japão com esses senhores feudais e seus exércitos enormes
thus|they began|to|roll|various|battles|across the|Japan|with|these|lords|feudal|and|their|armies|huge
Thus, various battles began to unfold across Japan with these feudal lords and their huge armies.
atacando uns aos outros para aumentar o seu poder.
attacking|each|other||to|increase|their|power|
attacking each other to increase their power.
Foi literalmente todo mundo contra todo mundo durante décadas.
it was|literally|all|world|against|every|world|for|decades
It was literally everyone against everyone for decades.
E no meio desse caos começou a aparecer uma das figuras mais famosas do Japão.
and|in the|midst|of this|chaos|it began|to|appear|one|of the|figures|most|famous|in the|Japan
And in the midst of this chaos, one of the most famous figures of Japan began to emerge.
Os ninjas mestres da espionagem.
the|ninjas|masters|of|espionage
The ninjas, masters of espionage.
Os historiadores apontam que os ninjas conhecidos como Shinobi eram recrutados nas classes mais baixas.
the|historians|point out|that|the|ninjas|known|as|Shinobi|were|recruited|in the|classes|lowest|lower
Historians point out that the ninjas known as Shinobi were recruited from the lower classes.
Ou seja, eram mercenários que agiam por dinheiro.
or|that is|were|mercenaries|who|acted|for|money
In other words, they were mercenaries who acted for money.
E esqueça aquela figura famosa do ninja com roupas pretas e cometendo exclusivamente assassinatos.
and|forget|that|figure|famous|of the|ninja|with|clothes|black|and|committing|exclusively|murders
And forget that famous figure of the ninja in black clothes exclusively committing assassinations.
Os ninjas até cometiam esse tipo de crime, mas na verdade eles eram tropas especiais de samurais.
the|ninjas|even|committed|this|type|of|crime|but|in the|truth|they|were|troops|special|of|samurais
Ninjas did commit this type of crime, but in reality, they were special troops of samurais.
Especializados mesmo em espionagem e infiltração.
specialized|even|in|espionage|and|infiltration
Specialized even in espionage and infiltration.
Então tinha samurai, ninja, camponês, guerreiro, monge guerreiro, todo mundo matando todo mundo.
so|there were|samurai|ninja|peasant|warrior|monk|warrior|everyone|world|killing|everyone|world
So there were samurai, ninja, peasant, warrior, warrior monk, everyone killing everyone.
E aí olha o que aconteceu.
and|then|look|what|that|happened
And then look what happened.
Em 1543 um pequeno barco chinês se perdeu e chegou às praias do Japão
in|a|small|boat|Chinese|itself|got lost|and|arrived|at the|beaches|of the|Japan
In 1543 a small Chinese boat got lost and arrived on the shores of Japan.
E no meio da tripulação tinham três mercadores com uma aparência que os japoneses nunca tinham visto.
and|in the|middle|of the|crew|they had|three|merchants|with|an|appearance|that|the|Japanese|never|they had|seen
And in the middle of the crew, there were three merchants with an appearance that the Japanese had never seen.
Peraí, esses caras eram portugueses?
wait a minute|these|guys|they were|Portuguese
Wait, were these guys Portuguese?
Isso mesmo meu gajo, portugueses.
that|right|my|mate|Portuguese
That's right, my dude, Portuguese.
Lembre-se que tudo isso rolou no século 16, durante as grandes navegações.
||that|all|this|it happened|in the|century|during|the|great|explorations
Remember that all of this happened in the 16th century, during the great navigations.
Os portugueses eram mestres em exploração marinha e dois anos depois disso já tinham estabelecido rotas comerciais entre o Japão e a Europa.
the|Portuguese|they were|masters|in|exploration|maritime|and|two|years|after|that|already|they had|established|routes|trade|between|the|Japan|and|the|Europe
The Portuguese were masters of maritime exploration and two years after that they had already established trade routes between Japan and Europe.
Logo depois disso, os portugueses se tornaram os principais mercadores.
soon|after|that|the|Portuguese|themselves|they became|the|main|merchants
Shortly after that, the Portuguese became the main merchants.
E um ano depois outros europeus como espanhóis e holandeses começaram a chegar nas ilhas japonesas.
and|one|year|after|other|Europeans|such as|Spaniards|and|Dutch|they started|to|to arrive|on the|islands|Japanese
And a year later, other Europeans such as Spaniards and Dutch began to arrive in the Japanese islands.
Uma das coisas que mais chamou a atenção dos ocidentais eram as roupas dos japoneses.
one|of the|things|that|most|it caught|the|attention|of the|Westerners|they were|the|clothes|of the|Japanese
One of the things that caught the most attention of the Westerners was the clothing of the Japanese.
Completamente diferentes das vestimentas ocidentais.
completely|different|from the|garments|western
Completely different from Western clothing.
E essas roupas não eram usadas ao acaso.
and|these|clothes|not|were|worn|by the|chance
And these clothes were not worn by chance.
Elas seguiam um código complexo.
they|followed|a|code|complex
They followed a complex code.
E suas cores e estampas serviam para mostrar o estado civil, a idade e até mesmo a importância de cada pessoa.
and|their|colors|and|patterns|served|to|show|the|state|civil|the|age|and|even|importance|to|importance|of|each|person
And their colors and patterns served to show marital status, age, and even the importance of each person.
Mas aqui temos uma história engraçada.
but|here|we have|a|story|funny
But here we have a funny story.
Quando os primeiros ocidentais perguntaram qual era o nome daquelas roupas, os japoneses responderam kimono, que é a palavra pela qual elas ainda são conhecidas no mundo todo.
when|the|first|westerners|they asked|what|it was|the|name|of those|clothes|the|Japanese|they answered|kimono|that|it is|the|word|by which|that|they|still|they are|known|in|world|all
When the first Westerners asked what the name of those clothes was, the Japanese replied kimono, which is the word by which they are still known worldwide.
O problema é que kimono significa, literalmente, coisa de vestir.
the|problem|it is|that|kimono|it means|literally|thing|to|wear
The problem is that kimono literally means, thing to wear.
Então, basicamente o que aconteceu é que os europeus perguntaram o nome da roupa e os japoneses responderam, ué chama roupa.
so|basically|what|that|it happened|it is|that|the|Europeans|they asked|the|name|of the|clothing|and|the|Japanese|they answered|well|it is called|clothing
So, basically what happened is that the Europeans asked the name of the clothing and the Japanese replied, well, it's called clothing.
E o nome pegou.
and|the|name|caught on
And the name caught on.
A presença portuguesa mudou demais o Japão.
the|presence|Portuguese|changed|too much|the|Japan
The Portuguese presence changed Japan a lot.
Isso foi desde as armas de fogo, que os samurais não conheciam, até a questão da religião com a chegada dos primeiros jesuítas.
this|was|from|the|guns|of|fire|that|the|samurai|not|knew|until|the|issue|of the|religion|with|the|arrival|of the|first|Jesuits
This ranged from firearms, which the samurai did not know, to the issue of religion with the arrival of the first Jesuits.
Aliás, os jesuítas ganharam tanto poder no Japão que conseguiram influenciar até mesmo as decisões de daimyo poderosos.
moreover|the|Jesuits|gained|so much|power|in the|Japan|that|managed|to influence|even|even|the|decisions|of|daimyo|powerful
In fact, the Jesuits gained so much power in Japan that they were able to influence even the decisions of powerful daimyo.
Isso tudo rolou durante aquela guerra generalizada, com todo mundo se matando.
this|all|happened|during|that|war|widespread|with|everyone|world|reflexive pronoun|killing
All of this happened during that widespread war, with everyone killing each other.
E quem soube usar muito bem a presença dos portugueses foi um daimyo chamado Nobunaga Oda.
and|who|knew|to use|very|well|the|presence|of the|Portuguese|was|a|daimyo|called|Nobunaga|Oda
And who knew how to make very good use of the presence of the Portuguese was a daimyo named Nobunaga Oda.
Esse sujeito não tinha o menor pudor em armar seus exércitos com mosquetes ou de usar jesuítas para promover a discórdia entre os seus adversários budistas?
this|guy|not|had|the|slightest|shame|in|to arm|his|armies|with|muskets|or|in|to use|Jesuits|to|to promote|the|discord|among|the|his|adversaries|Buddhist
This guy had no qualms about arming his armies with muskets or using Jesuits to sow discord among his Buddhist adversaries.
Conforme foi ganhando mais terras e aliados, o Nobunaga se tornou um dos daimyos mais poderosos do Japão.
as|he was|gaining|more|lands|and|allies|the|Nobunaga|reflexive pronoun|he became|one|of the|daimyos|most|powerful|in the|Japan
As he gained more land and allies, Nobunaga became one of the most powerful daimyos in Japan.
E em 1568, marchou até a capital, obrigando o imperador a nomear Yoshiaki Ashikaga como Shogun.
and|in|he marched|to|the|capital|forcing|the|emperor|to|appoint|Yoshiaki|Ashikaga|as|Shogun
And in 1568, he marched to the capital, forcing the emperor to appoint Yoshiaki Ashikaga as Shogun.
Com isso, o Shogunato Ashikaga ganhou força de novo, não é verdade?
with|that|the|Shogunate|Ashikaga|gained|strength|of|again|not|is|true
With that, the Ashikaga Shogunate gained strength again, didn't it?
Não. Nobunaga Oda e o Shogun eram aliados?
no|Nobunaga|Oda|and|the|Shogun|they were|allies
No. Were Nobunaga Oda and the Shogun allies?
Oficialmente sim, mas o Nobunaga não tinha o menor interesse de ficar fazendo o que o Shogun queria e continuou conquistando novas províncias.
officially|yes|but|the|Nobunaga|not|he had|the|slightest|interest|to|to keep|doing|what|that|the|Shogun|he wanted|and|he continued|conquering|new|provinces
Officially yes, but Nobunaga had no interest in doing what the Shogun wanted and continued conquering new provinces.
Não demorou muito e o Shogun se ligou que o Nobunaga ainda ia criar problemas, então formou uma aliança entre os daimyos que eram inimigos do cara.
not|took|long|and|the|Shogun|himself|realized|that|the|Nobunaga|still|was going to|create|problems|so|formed|an|alliance|among|the|daimyos|who|were|enemies|of the|guy
It didn't take long for the Shogun to realize that Nobunaga was still going to cause problems, so he formed an alliance among the daimyos who were enemies of the guy.
Só que esses planos do Shogun foram por água abaixo e isso acabou não dando em nada.
only|that|these|plans|of the|Shogun|were|through|water|down|and|this|ended|not|giving|in|anything
But these plans of the Shogun went down the drain and ended up amounting to nothing.
Mas claro que o Nobunaga não ia deixar isso barato, né?
but|of course|that|the|Nobunaga|not|was going to|let|this|cheap|right
But of course Nobunaga wasn't going to let that slide, right?
Ele imediatamente invadiu o Kioto e expulsou o Shogun do cargo, encerrando de vez o Shogunato Ashikaga.
he|immediately|invaded|the|Kyoto|and|expelled|the|Shogun|from the|position|ending|of|once|the|Shogunate|Ashikaga
He immediately invaded Kyoto and expelled the Shogun from office, effectively ending the Ashikaga Shogunate.
Bem, aí ele virou o Shogun, certo?
well|then|he|became|the|Shogun|right
Well, then he became the Shogun, right?
Não. O Nobunaga era um cara diferente e não queria nem saber desse cargo.
no|the|Nobunaga|was|a|guy|different|and|not|wanted|not even|to know|about this|position
No. Nobunaga was a different guy and didn't even want to know about that position.
Além do fato de que ele não era da linhagem dos Shoguns.
besides|of the|fact|that|that|he|not|was|of the|lineage|of the|Shoguns
Besides the fact that he was not from the Shogun lineage.
Ele continuou atacando seus rivais até o ponto em que os poucos daimyos que ainda eram contra ele não pareciam ser mais uma ameaça.
he|continued|attacking|his|rivals|until|the|point|in which|that|the|few|daimyos|that|still|were|against|him|not|seemed|to be|anymore|a|threat
He continued attacking his rivals until the few daimyos who were still against him no longer seemed to be a threat.
Assim, depois de décadas de guerras e batalhas por todos os lados, o Japão parecia prestes a se unir novamente sob o controle do Nobunaga.
thus|after|of|decades|of|wars|and|battles|for|all|the|sides|the|Japan|seemed|about|to|itself|unite|again|under|the|control|of|Nobunaga
Thus, after decades of wars and battles on all sides, Japan seemed about to unite again under the control of Nobunaga.
Não é à toa que ele é considerado o primeiro grande unificador do Japão.
not|is|to the|sake|that|he|is|considered|the|first|great|unifier|of|Japan
It is no wonder that he is considered the first great unifier of Japan.
Mas na verdade, o Nobunaga morreu antes de conseguir unir o país.
but|in the|truth|the|Nobunaga|died|before|of|to manage|to unite|the|country
But in fact, Nobunaga died before he could unite the country.
Em 1582, ele foi traído por um dos seus generais e vendo que seria derrotado, tomou a atitude drástica de tirar sua própria vida.
in|he|was|betrayed|by|one|of the|his|generals|and|seeing|that|would be|defeated|took|the|attitude|drastic|to|to take|his|own|life
In 1582, he was betrayed by one of his generals and seeing that he would be defeated, took the drastic step of taking his own life.
Quem conhece um pouco de história do Japão sabe que esse ritual era muito comum entre os samurais.
who|knows|a|little|of|history|of the|Japan|knows|that|this|ritual|was|very|common|among|the|samurai
Anyone who knows a bit of Japanese history knows that this ritual was very common among the samurai.
Eles faziam isso quando agiam de forma desonrada ou como no caso do Nobunaga, para não ser feito prisioneiro depois de uma derrota.
they|did|this|when|acted|in|way|dishonorable|or|like|in the|case|of the|Nobunaga|in order to|not|to be|made|prisoner|after|of|a|defeat
They did this when they acted dishonorably or, in the case of Nobunaga, to avoid being captured after a defeat.
Aqui no ocidente, esse ritual é conhecido como Harakiri, que é o nome mais comum.
here|in the|west|this|ritual|is|known|as|Harakiri|which|is|the|name|most|common
Here in the West, this ritual is known as Harakiri, which is the more common name.
Mas o nome formal desse ritual japonês é Seppuku.
but|the|name|formal|of this|ritual|Japanese|is|Seppuku
But the formal name of this Japanese ritual is Seppuku.
O samurai cortava a própria barriga com sua espada para demonstrar a pureza de sua alma que eles acreditavam que ficava na região do estômago.
the|samurai|was cutting|the|own|belly|with|his|sword|to|demonstrate|the|purity|of|his|soul|that|they|believed|that|stayed|in the|region|of the|stomach
The samurai would cut his own belly with his sword to demonstrate the purity of his soul, which they believed resided in the stomach area.
Depois desse corte, uma pessoa de confiança cortava sua cabeça para selar de vez a sua morte.
after|this|cut|a|person|of|trust|was cutting|his|head|to|seal|of|once|the|his|death
After this cut, a trusted person would cut off his head to seal his death once and for all.
No caso do Nobunaga, dizem que o samurai que cortou sua cabeça era chamado de Yasuki.
in the|case|of the|Nobunaga|they say|that|the|samurai|that|cut|his|head|was|called|of|Yasuki
In the case of Nobunaga, it is said that the samurai who cut off his head was named Yasuki.
Esse cara era um dos principais aliados do Nobunaga e inclusive fazia parte de um pequeno grupo de pessoas que tinha a honra de poder juntar com o líder japonês.
this|guy|was|one|of the|main|allies|of the|Nobunaga|and|even|was part|part|of|a|small|group|of|people|that|had|the|honor|of|to be able|to join|with|the|leader|Japanese
This guy was one of Nobunaga's main allies and was even part of a small group of people who had the honor of being close to the Japanese leader.
O que vai deixar muita gente chocada é que o Yasuki era africano e sua história é uma das curiosidades mais legais do tempo dos samurais.
the|that|will|leave|many|people|shocked|is|that|the|Yasuki|was|African|and|his|story|is|one|of the|curiosities|most|cool|of the|time|of the|samurais
What will shock many people is that Yasuki was African and his story is one of the coolest curiosities from the time of the samurai.
Não se sabe ao certo em qual país da África o Yasuki nasceu.
not|reflexive pronoun|knows|to the|certain|in|which|country|of the|Africa|the|Yasuki|was born
It is not known for sure in which country in Africa Yasuki was born.
Ele chegou ao Japão junto com um jesuíta italiano e imediatamente se tornou uma sensação no arquipélago.
he|arrived|to the|Japan|together|with|a|Jesuit|Italian|and|immediately|reflexive pronoun|became|a|sensation|in the|archipelago
He arrived in Japan along with an Italian Jesuit and immediately became a sensation in the archipelago.
Nesta época, a altura média dos japoneses era inferior a 1,60m e eles nunca tinham visto uma pessoa africana ainda por cima com quase 1,90m de altura.
at this|time|the|height|average|of the|Japanese|was|lower|than|160m|and|they|never|had|seen|a|person|African|still|on|top|with|almost|190m|of|height
At that time, the average height of Japanese people was below 1.60m and they had never seen an African person, especially one who was almost 1.90m tall.
O seu tamanho e a cor de sua pele chamaram a atenção de Nobunaga que percebeu que Yasuki seria uma excelente adição para seu grupo.
the|your|size|and|the|color|of|your|skin|caught|the|attention|of|Nobunaga|who|realized|that|Yasuki|would be|an|excellent|addition|to|his|group
His size and skin color caught Nobunaga's attention, who realized that Yasuki would be an excellent addition to his group.
Com o tempo, Nobunaga até mesmo concedeu privilégios de samurai para Yasuki, como o direito de andar armado.
with|the|time|Nobunaga|even|actually|granted|privileges|of|samurai|to|Yasuki|like|the|right|to|walk|armed
Over time, Nobunaga even granted samurai privileges to Yasuki, such as the right to carry weapons.
Para ser reconhecido como samurai, era preciso pertencer a uma linhagem de samurais.
to|be|recognized|as|samurai|was|necessary|to belong|to|a|lineage|of|samurais
To be recognized as a samurai, one had to belong to a lineage of samurais.
Mas algumas vezes, pessoas que não tinham essa origem conseguiam ter os mesmos direitos dos guerreiros japoneses.
but|some|times|people|who|not|had|this|origin|managed|to have|the|same|rights|of the|warriors|Japanese
But sometimes, people who did not have that background managed to have the same rights as Japanese warriors.
O Yasuki foi um dos primeiros estrangeiros a receber esta honra.
the|Yasuki|was|one|of the|first|foreigners|to|receive|this|honor
Yasuki was one of the first foreigners to receive this honor.
Depois da morte de Nobunaga, não se sabe ao certo qual foi o destino do Yasuki.
after|of the|death|of|Nobunaga|not|reflexive pronoun|knows|to the|certain|which|was|the|fate|of the|Yasuki
After Nobunaga's death, it is not known for sure what happened to Yasuki.
Dizem que ele foi morar numa mansão jesuíta e tem até um anime que explora essa ideia, disponível inclusive na Netflix.
they say|that|he|was|to live|in a|mansion|Jesuit|and|has|even|an|anime|that|explores|this|idea|available|even|on the|Netflix
It is said that he went to live in a Jesuit mansion, and there is even an anime that explores this idea, available on Netflix.
Uma nota triste é que Hollywood queria fazer um filme sobre esse cara que seria estrelado pelo Chadwick Boseman, nosso eterno Pantera Negra que infelizmente nos deixou em 2020.
a|note|sad|is|that|Hollywood|wanted|to make|a|movie|about|this|guy|that|would be|starred|by the|Chadwick|Boseman|our|eternal|Panther|Black|that|unfortunately|to us|left|in
A sad note is that Hollywood wanted to make a movie about this guy that would star Chadwick Boseman, our eternal Black Panther who unfortunately left us in 2020.
Mas voltando para o nosso vídeo, com a morte de Nobunaga, começou a briga para ver quem seria o herdeiro do clã Oda.
but|returning|to|the|our|video|with|the|death|of|Nobunaga|began|the|fight|to|see|who|would be|the|heir|of the|clan|Oda
But going back to our video, with the death of Nobunaga, the fight began to see who would be the heir of the Oda clan.
E aí um dos generais do Nobunaga chamado Hideyoshi, mexeu uns pauzinhos para que o neto do Nobunaga, que ainda era uma criança, fosse reconhecido como herdeiro.
and|then|one|of the|generals|of the|Nobunaga|named|Hideyoshi|moved|some|strings|so that|that|the|grandson|of the|Nobunaga|who|still|was|a|child|would be|recognized|as|heir
And then one of Nobunaga's generals named Hideyoshi pulled some strings so that Nobunaga's grandson, who was still a child, would be recognized as the heir.
Aí ele colocou o garoto debaixo de sua asa e na prática se tornou o chefe do clã.
then|he|put|the|boy|under|of|his|wing|and|in the|practice|himself|became|the|chief|of the|clan
Then he took the boy under his wing and in practice became the head of the clan.
O Hideyoshi continuou o trabalho do Nobunaga, conquistando cada vez mais províncias e hoje ele é conhecido como o segundo grande unificador do Japão.
the|Hideyoshi|continued|the|work|of the|Nobunaga|conquering|each|time|more|provinces|and|today|he|is|known|as|the|second|great|unifier|of the|Japan
Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga's work, conquering more and more provinces, and today he is known as the second great unifier of Japan.
Mas depois de unir o país, o Hideyoshi decidiu aproveitar o embalo e conquistar nada mais nada menos que a China, que na época era controlada pela famosa dinastia Ming.
but|after|of|to unite|the|country|the|Hideyoshi|decided|to take advantage of|the|momentum|and|to conquer|nothing|more|nothing|less|than|the|China|which|at the|time|was|controlled|by the|famous|dynasty|Ming
But after uniting the country, Hideyoshi decided to take advantage of the momentum and conquer nothing less than China, which at the time was controlled by the famous Ming dynasty.
Ele pediu que a Coreia desse passagem para que seus exércitos começassem a invasão, mas como os coreanos não queriam isso,
he|asked|that|the|Korea|gave|passage|for|that|his|armies|to start|to|invasion|but|as|the|Koreans|not|wanted|that
He asked Korea to allow passage for his armies to begin the invasion, but since the Koreans did not want that,
o Japão simplesmente invadiu a Coreia em 1592.
the|Japan|simply|invaded|the|Korea|in
Japan simply invaded Korea in 1592.
Em três meses eles conquistaram Seul, que hoje é a capital da Coreia do Sul, e chegaram até Pyongyang, que agora é a capital da Coreia do Norte.
in|three|months|they|conquered|Seoul|which|today|is|the|capital|of the|Korea|of the|South|and|they arrived|to|Pyongyang|which|now|is|the|capital|of the|Korea|of the|North
In three months they conquered Seoul, which is now the capital of South Korea, and reached Pyongyang, which is now the capital of North Korea.
A situação só mudou quando a China mandou seu exército para ajudar os coreanos, o que deixou a guerra meio empatada.
the|situation|only|changed|when|the|China|sent|its|army|to|help|the|Koreans|which|that|left|the|war|kind of|tied
The situation only changed when China sent its army to help the Koreans, which left the war somewhat tied.
E aí rolaram as negociações de paz.
and|then|rolled|the|negotiations|of|peace
And then peace negotiations took place.
Os japoneses começaram a fazer um monte de exigências para os chineses e depois de quatro anos de papo não tinha rolado acordo nenhum.
the|Japanese|started|to|make|a|pile|of|demands|to|the|Chinese|and|after|of|four|years|of|talk|not|had|rolled|agreement|any
The Japanese started making a bunch of demands to the Chinese, and after four years of talks, no agreement had been reached.
O Hideyoshi cansou de conversar e invadiu a Coreia de novo, mas dessa vez os coreanos e chineses estavam bem mais preparados e a invasão não deu em nada.
the|Hideyoshi|got tired|of|talking|and|invaded|the|Korea|of|again|but|this|time|the|Koreans|and|Chinese|were|much|more|prepared|and|the|invasion|not|gave|in|nothing
Hideyoshi got tired of talking and invaded Korea again, but this time the Koreans and Chinese were much better prepared, and the invasion went nowhere.
E quando o Hideyoshi morreu em 1598, o Japão ficou em alerta.
and|when|the|Hideyoshi|died|in|the|Japan|became|in|alert
And when Hideyoshi died in 1598, Japan was on alert.
Mas será que todas aquelas guerras pelo poder iam começar de novo?
but|will it be|that|all|those|wars|for|power|they were going|to start|again|new
But would all those power struggles start again?
Bom, teoricamente sim, mas o que aconteceu?
well|theoretically|yes|but|what|that|happened
Well, theoretically yes, but what happened?
Será que todas aquelas guerras pelo poder iam começar de novo?
will it be|that|all|those|wars|for|power|they were going|to start|again|new
Would all those power struggles start again?
Bom, teoricamente não.
well|theoretically|not
Well, theoretically not.
O Hideyoshi tinha sido esperto e montado um conselho com seus cinco principais aliados para comandar o Japão,
the|Hideyoshi|had|been|smart|and|set up|a|council|with|his|five|main|allies|to|command|the|Japan
Hideyoshi had been smart and set up a council with his five main allies to rule Japan,
até que seu herdeiro, que era apenas uma criança, tivesse idade para governar o império.
until|that|his|heir|that|was|only|a|child|had|age|to|govern|the|empire
until his heir, who was just a child, was old enough to govern the empire.
Mas você já pegou a manha de como as coisas funcionavam, né?
but|you|already|got|the|knack|of|how|the|things|worked|right
But you already got the hang of how things worked, right?
Um ano depois, as entregas políticas dentro do conselho já corriam soltas, especialmente por causa do comportamento de um de seus membros,
a|year|later|the|deliveries|political|inside|of the|council|already|were running|loose|especially|for|cause|of the|behavior|of|one|of|its|members
A year later, political deliveries within the council were already running rampant, especially due to the behavior of one of its members,
Ieyasu Tokugawa.
Ieyasu|Tokugawa
Ieyasu Tokugawa.
A História do Tokugawa
The|History|of the|Tokugawa
The History of Tokugawa
Tokugawa era um cara que tinha ao seu lado um serviço bom de ninjas, com destaque para um sujeito chamado Hattori Hanzo,
Tokugawa|was|a|guy|who|had|at the|his|side|a|service|good|of|ninjas|with|emphasis|for|a|guy|named|Hattori|Hanzo
Tokugawa was a guy who had a good service of ninjas by his side, especially a guy named Hattori Hanzo,
um dos ninjas mais famosos da história, que era totalmente leal ao seu mestre.
one|of the|ninjas|most|famous|in the|history|that|was|totally|loyal|to the|his|master
one of the most famous ninjas in history, who was completely loyal to his master.
O Tokugawa começou a se aliar com clãs que não eram particularmente fãs da família Hideyoshi.
The|Tokugawa|began|to|himself|to ally|with|clans|that|not|were|particularly|fans|of the|family|Hideyoshi
The Tokugawa began to ally with clans that were not particularly fans of the Hideyoshi family.
O Japão rachou novamente.
The|Japan|split|again
Japan split again.
De um lado, o Tokugawa, que tinha se aliado com a maior parte das províncias do leste.
From|one|side|the|Tokugawa|that|had|himself|allied|with|the|largest|part|of the|provinces|of the|east
On one side, the Tokugawa, who had allied with most of the eastern provinces.
Do outro, os outros membros do conselho, liderados por um cara chamado Mitsunari Ishida, que tinha influência nas províncias do oeste.
of|other|the|other|members|of|council|led|by|a|guy|named|Mitsunari|Ishida|who|had|influence|in the|provinces|of|west
On the other side, the other council members, led by a guy named Mitsunari Ishida, who had influence in the western provinces.
Foram meses de tensão e conspirações, até que ficou claro que a coisa só seria resolvida no campo de batalha.
were|months|of|tension|and|conspiracies|until|that|became|clear|that|the|thing|only|would be|resolved|in the|field|of|battle
It was months of tension and conspiracies, until it became clear that the matter would only be resolved on the battlefield.
E em 21 de outubro de 1600, rolou a Batalha de Sikigahara, um dos maiores e mais importantes conflitos da história do Japão feudal.
and|on|of|October|of|took place|the|Battle|of|Sekigahara|one|of the|largest|and|most|important|conflicts|in the|history|of|Japan|feudal
And on October 21, 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara took place, one of the largest and most important conflicts in the history of feudal Japan.
O exército do oeste foi derrotado e vários dos seus comandantes foram executados.
The|army|of|west|was|defeated|and|several|of the|its|commanders|were|executed
The western army was defeated and several of its commanders were executed.
Seu principal líder, Ishida, foi decapitado e sua cabeça exibida em Kyoto como uma espécie de aviso.
your|main|leader|Ishida|was|decapitated|and|his|head|displayed|in|Kyoto|as|a|kind|of|warning
Their main leader, Ishida, was decapitated and his head displayed in Kyoto as a kind of warning.
E é bom prestar atenção nesse aviso, tá? Porque a mensagem era clara.
and|is|good|to pay|attention|to this|warning|okay|because|the|message|was|clear
And it's good to pay attention to this warning, okay? Because the message was clear.
A partir de agora, quem manda no Japão é Tokugawa, o terceiro grande unificador do Japão.
from the|starting|from|now|who|rules|in the|Japan|is|Tokugawa|the|third|great|unifier|of the|Japan
From now on, who rules Japan is Tokugawa, the third great unifier of Japan.
Vamos olhar um pouco o campo onde rolou a Batalha de Sikigahara.
let's go|to look|a|bit|the|field|where|took place|the|Battle|of|Sikigahara
Let's take a look at the field where the Battle of Sikigahara took place.
Logo depois do conflito, esse lugar que hoje fica na prefeitura de Gifu, estava coberto de corpos de guerreiros e um monte de feridos se arrastando pra lá e pra cá.
soon|after|the|conflict|this|place|that|today|is located|in the|city hall|of|Gifu|was|covered|with|bodies|of|warriors|and|a|pile|of|wounded|themselves|dragging|to|there|and|to|here
Right after the conflict, this place that is now in the Gifu city hall was covered with the bodies of warriors and a bunch of injured people crawling back and forth.
Um desses feridos se chamava Takezo Shimen, que tinha lutado pelo exército do oeste.
one|of those|wounded|himself|was called|Takezo|Shimen|who|had|fought|for the|army|of the|west
One of those injured was named Takezo Shimen, who had fought for the western army.
Depois da derrota, ele se recuperou dos ferimentos e passou a vagar pelo Japão, se tornando um dos guerreiros mais respeitados da história, usando o nome de Miyamoto Musashi.
after|the|defeat|he|himself|recovered|from the|injuries|and|began|to|wander|through the|Japan|himself|becoming|one|of the|warriors|most|respected|in the|history|using|the|name|of|Miyamoto|Musashi
After the defeat, he recovered from his injuries and began to wander through Japan, becoming one of the most respected warriors in history, using the name Miyamoto Musashi.
E assim começa o livro Musashi, escrito pelo ator Eiji Yoshikawa, que se tornou um fenômeno de vendas mundial e que eu recomendo muito. É sensacional, eu já li e recomendo.
and|thus|begins|the|book|Musashi|written|by the|author|Eiji|Yoshikawa|that|itself|became|a|phenomenon|of|sales|worldwide|and|that|I|recommend|very|it is|sensational|I|already|read|and|recommend
And thus begins the book Musashi, written by the author Eiji Yoshikawa, which became a worldwide bestseller and that I highly recommend. It's sensational, I've read it and I recommend it.
Por mais que a história do Musashi nesse livro seja romanceada, ele é sim uma figura real e muito famosa do Japão dessa época.
for|more|that|the|history|of the|Musashi|in this|book|is|romanticized|he|is|indeed|a|figure|real|and|very|famous|of|Japan|of that|time
As much as the story of Musashi in this book is romanticized, he is indeed a real and very famous figure from Japan of that time.
O Musashi era um Onin, ou seja, um samurai sem mestre.
the|Musashi|was|a|Onin|or|that is|a|samurai|without|master
Musashi was an Onin, that is, a masterless samurai.
E mais do que mandar bem demais com a espada, ele também era filósofo e escreveu um tratado chamado O Livro dos Cinco Anéis, uma das obras fundamentais sobre a estratégia militar japonesa.
and|more|than|that|to send|well|too much|with|the|sword|he|also|was|philosopher|and|wrote|a|treatise|called|the|Book|of the|Five|Rings|one|of the|works|fundamental|on|the|strategy|military|Japanese
And more than just being exceptionally skilled with the sword, he was also a philosopher and wrote a treatise called The Book of Five Rings, one of the fundamental works on Japanese military strategy.
Mas sua fama vem mesmo dos combates contra outros samurais.
but|his|fame|comes|really|from the|battles|against|other|samurais
But his fame really comes from his battles against other samurai.
O primeiro duelo do Musashi aconteceu quando ele tinha apenas 13 anos.
the|first|duel|of the|Musashi|happened|when|he|was|only|years
Musashi's first duel took place when he was only 13 years old.
Daí em diante, foi empilhando uma vitória atrás da outra, até se tornar recordista absoluto, vencendo mais de 60 duelos.
from there|in|on|he was|piling|a|victory|behind|of the|other|until|himself|to become|record holder|absolute|winning|more|than|duels
From then on, he stacked one victory after another, until he became the absolute record holder, winning over 60 duels.
Muito disso se deve à forma como ele usava suas espadas.
much|of this|himself|is due|to the|way|how|he|used|his|swords
Much of this is due to the way he used his swords.
Os samurais usavam duas espadas diferentes.
the|samurais|used|two|swords|different
Samurai used two different swords.
A principal era a katana, mas eles também usavam a wakizashi, uma espada menor, que funcionava como arma auxiliar.
the|main|was|the|katana|but|they|also|used|the|wakizashi|a|sword|smaller|that|functioned|as|weapon|auxiliary
The main one was the katana, but they also used the wakizashi, a smaller sword that served as a secondary weapon.
Porém, o Musashi mudou isso, criando uma técnica em que as duas espadas eram usadas ao mesmo tempo como armas principais.
however|the|Musashi|changed|that|creating|a|technique|in|that|the|two|swords|were|used|at the|same|time|as|weapons|main
However, Musashi changed that, creating a technique in which both swords were used at the same time as main weapons.
Não!
no
No!
Então se você curte histórias de samurais, fica a dica do livro Musashi, que mostra muito sobre a época do Japão e os samurais.
so|if|you|like|stories|of|samurais|here is|the|tip|of the|book|Musashi|that|shows|a lot|about|the|era|of the|Japan|and|the|samurais
So if you enjoy stories about samurais, here's a tip for the book Musashi, which shows a lot about the era of Japan and the samurais.
Essa é uma das obras mais famosas do Japão, então vale muito a pena.
this|is|one|of the|works|most|famous|of the|Japan|so|worth|very|the|worth
This is one of the most famous works from Japan, so it's definitely worth it.
Quem prefere mangá, pode ler a série Vagabond, que é baseada no livro.
whoever|prefers|manga|can|read|the|series|Vagabond|that|is|based|on the|book
Those who prefer manga can read the series Vagabond, which is based on the book.
Diferente do que rolou com Nobunaga e Hideyoshi, o Tokugawa assumiu o cargo de shogun.
different|from the|what|happened|with|Nobunaga|and|Hideyoshi|the|Tokugawa|assumed|the|position|of|shogun
Unlike what happened with Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, Tokugawa took on the position of shogun.
Dois anos depois ele abdicou e seu filho assumiu o cargo, mas quem continuou mandando mesmo foi ele.
two|years|later|he|abdicated|and|his|son|assumed|the|position|but|whoever|continued|commanding|even|was|he
Two years later he abdicated and his son took over the position, but he was still the one really in charge.
Isso foi uma tacada de mestre do Tokugawa para garantir que sua linhagem continuaria no poder.
this|was|a|move|of|master|of the|Tokugawa|to|ensure|that|his|lineage|would continue|in|power
This was a masterstroke by Tokugawa to ensure that his lineage would remain in power.
Assim, quando ele morresse, seu filho seria um shogun já bem estabelecido e ninguém iria tentar roubar o cargo.
thus|when|he|died|his|son|would be|a|shogun|already|well|established|and|no one|would go|to try|to steal|the|position
Thus, when he died, his son would be a well-established shogun and no one would try to steal the position.
Agora, vamos ser sinceros.
now|let's|to be|honest
Now, let's be honest.
Dificilmente teria qualquer tipo de briga pelo cargo, porque o Tokugawa controlava o país com mão de ferro.
hardly|would have|any|type|of|fight|for the|position|because|the|Tokugawa|controlled|the|country|with|hand|of|iron
There would hardly be any kind of fight for the position, because Tokugawa controlled the country with an iron fist.
Tokugawa morreu em 1616 e nenhum lord ou general cresceu o olho para a cadeira do shogun e o país continuou tocando a vida.
Tokugawa|died|in|and|no|lord|or|general|grew|the|eye|for|the|chair|of the|shogun|and|the|country|continued|living|the|life
Tokugawa died in 1616 and no lord or general set their sights on the shogun's chair, and the country continued to go about its life.
O mesmo aconteceu nos anos seguintes. O Japão se tornou politicamente estável.
The|same|happened|in the|years|following|The|Japan|itself|became|politically|stable
The same happened in the following years. Japan became politically stable.
Nessa época, os samurais eram de longe a classe mais importante da sociedade.
At that|time|the|samurai|were|by|far|the|class|most|important|of the|society
At that time, the samurai were by far the most important class in society.
Mas como o país vivia uma era tranquila, eles se tornaram quase que burocratas, fazendo tarefas administrativas do governo.
But|as|the|country|lived|a|era|peaceful|they|themselves|became|almost|that|bureaucrats|doing|tasks|administrative|of the|government
But as the country experienced a peaceful era, they became almost bureaucrats, performing administrative tasks for the government.
Você ia lá no Pupa Tempo, tinha um samurai te atendendo. Era meio assim que funcionava.
you|were going|there|to the|Pupa|Tempo|there was|a|samurai|to you|attending|it was|kind of|like this|that|it worked
You would go to Pupa Tempo, there was a samurai serving you. That's kind of how it worked.
Agora, claro que os samurais não curtiam essa ideia de passar o dia inteiro ali, como se fosse um escritório.
now|of course|that|the|samurais|not|liked|this|idea|of|to spend|the|day|whole|there|as|if|it was|an|office
Now, of course, the samurais didn't like the idea of spending the whole day there, as if it were an office.
Por isso, sempre que eles podiam entrar em ação, mergulhavam de cabeça nisso.
for|this|always|when|they|could|to enter|in|action|they dove|head|head|in this
That's why, whenever they could spring into action, they dove right into it.
Esse é o caso dos 47 Honins, uma história muito famosa dessa época.
this|is|the|case|of the|Honins|a|story|very|famous|from this|time
This is the case of the 47 Honins, a very famous story from that time.
Um senhor feudal cometeu uma pequena ofensa e foi obrigado a cometer seppuku.
a|lord|feudal|committed|a|small|offense|and|was|forced|to|commit|seppuku
A feudal lord committed a minor offense and was forced to commit seppuku.
47 samurais, que eram leais, juraram se vingar do oficial do governo, que tinha sido responsável por essa decisão.
samurais|who|were|loyal|swore|to|avenge|of the|official|of the|government|who|had|been|responsible|for|that|decision
47 loyal samurais swore to take revenge on the government official who had been responsible for that decision.
E passaram dois anos esperando por uma oportunidade para finalmente atacar e fatiar o cara.
and|spent|two|years|waiting|for|an|opportunity|to|finally|attack|and|slice|the|guy
They spent two years waiting for an opportunity to finally attack and slice the guy.
Eles ainda colocaram a cabeça do sujeito no túmulo do seu antigo mestre, para não deixar nenhuma dúvida sobre o motivo do ataque.
they|still|put|the|head|of the|subject|in the|grave|of the|their|former|master|to|not|leave|any|doubt|about|the|reason|of the|attack
They even placed the man's head on the grave of his former master, to leave no doubt about the reason for the attack.
Todos os 47 foram condenados à morte e cometeram seppuku coletivo.
all|the|they were|condemned|to the|death|and|they committed|seppuku|collective
All 47 were sentenced to death and committed collective seppuku.
Ou seja, esses samurais mataram e morreram pelo seu mestre e são vistos até hoje como exemplos da honra e da lealdade dos guerreiros japoneses.
||these|samurais|they killed|and|they died|for the|their|master|and|they are|seen|even|today|as|examples|of the|honor|and|of the|loyalty|of the|warriors|Japanese
In other words, these samurais killed and died for their master and are still seen today as examples of the honor and loyalty of Japanese warriors.
Mas voltando para o Japão, o objetivo do Shogun era controlar cada aspecto do Japão.
but|returning|to|the|Japan|the|objective|of the|Shogun|it was|to control|every|aspect|of the|Japan
But returning to Japan, the Shogun's goal was to control every aspect of Japan.
Isso podia funcionar com os senhores feudais e camponeses, mas não dava tão certo assim com estrangeiros,
this|it could|to work|with|the|lords|feudal|and|peasants|but|not|it gave|so|right|like that|with|foreigners
This could work with feudal lords and peasants, but it didn't work so well with foreigners,
por causa do idioma e pelo fato dos europeus não entenderem direito os costumes japoneses.
for|cause|of the|language|and|for the|fact|of the|Europeans|not|understanding|correctly|the|customs|Japanese
because of the language and the fact that Europeans did not fully understand Japanese customs.
E tinha um grupo de europeus que era ainda especialmente preocupante.
and|there was|a|group|of|Europeans|that|was|still|especially|concerning
And there was a group of Europeans that was especially concerning.
Os católicos.
the|Catholics
The Catholics.
O Shogun sabia que as nações católicas adoravam formar impérios com a ajuda da igreja.
the|Shogun|knew|that|the|nations|Catholic|loved|to form|empires|with|the|help|of the|church
The Shogun knew that Catholic nations loved to form empires with the help of the church.
E ele não curtia nada a ideia de que a religião católica era liderada por um papa que se metia em política toda hora.
and|he|not|liked|nothing|the|idea|that|that|the|religion|Catholic|was|led|by|a|pope|who|himself|got involved|in|politics|all|time
And he did not like the idea that the Catholic religion was led by a pope who got involved in politics all the time.
Para o Shogun, isso era uma ameaça.
for|the|Shogun|this|was|a|threat
For the Shogun, this was a threat.
Por isso, em 1614, todos os missionários católicos foram expulsos do Japão.
for|this|in|all|the|missionaries|Catholic|were|expelled|from|Japan
Therefore, in 1614, all Catholic missionaries were expelled from Japan.
Uma das consequências diretas disso é que em 1640, para receber o seu primeiro império,
one|of the|consequences|direct|of this|is|that|in|to|receive|the|first|first|empire
One of the direct consequences of this is that in 1640, to receive his first empire,
praticamente não existiam mais europeus no Japão.
practically|not|existed|more|Europeans|in|Japan
there were practically no more Europeans in Japan.
O Shogun queria manter a sociedade japonesa como era.
The|Shogun|wanted|to maintain|the|society|Japanese|as|it was
The Shogun wanted to maintain Japanese society as it was.
E isso fez algumas pessoas acreditarem que a cristianidade era subversiva
And|this|made|some|people|to believe|that|the|Christianity|was|subversive
And this made some people believe that Christianity was subversive
e que estava afetando o modelo social do Japão.
and|that|was|affecting|the|model|social|of the|Japan
and that it was affecting the social model of Japan.
A exceção eram os holandeses que podiam fazer comércio em uma pequena ilha.
the|exception|they were|the|Dutch|who|they could|to do|trade|in|a|small|island
The exception was the Dutch who could trade on a small island.
Essa relação com os holandeses é bem importante nesse final do Japão feudal.
this|relationship|with|the|Dutch|it is|quite|important|in this|end|of the|Japan|feudal
This relationship with the Dutch is quite important at the end of feudal Japan.
No começo, eles realmente ficavam apenas nessa ilha.
in the|beginning|they|really|they stayed|only|on this|island
At first, they really only stayed on that island.
Mas logo foram conquistando uma boa relação com o Shogunato e passaram a fazer visitas ao castelo do Shogun em Edo.
but|soon|they became|conquering|a|good|relationship|with|the|Shogunate|and|they started|to|to make|visits|to the|castle|of the|Shogun|in|Edo
But soon they established a good relationship with the Shogunate and began visiting the Shogun's castle in Edo.
Nessas visitas, eles levavam presentes e apresentavam inovações científicas e tecnologias que estavam rolando no ocidente.
in these|visits|they|brought|gifts|and|presented|innovations|scientific|and|technologies|that|were|happening|in the|west
During these visits, they brought gifts and presented scientific innovations and technologies that were happening in the West.
Justamente por isso, alguns samurais começaram a se tornar cientistas e os daimiôs eram tratados por médicos holandeses.
precisely|for|that|some|samurai|began|to|themselves|to become|scientists|and|the|daimyos|were|treated|by|doctors|Dutch
Precisely for this reason, some samurai began to become scientists and the daimyos were treated by Dutch doctors.
Esse movimento é chamado de Rangaku.
this|movement|is|called|of|Rangaku
This movement is called Rangaku.
Ran vinha de Roranda, que era como os japoneses chamavam a Holanda, e Gaku, que significa aprendizado.
Ran|came|from|Holland|which|was|how|the|Japanese|called|the|Holland|and|Gaku|which|means|learning
Ran came from Roranda, which is how the Japanese referred to the Netherlands, and Gaku, which means learning.
Na verdade, o Shogunato não era contra a presença de europeus.
in|truth|the|Shogunate|not|was|against|the|presence|of|Europeans
In fact, the Shogunate was not against the presence of Europeans.
Mas tinham muito cuidado com quaisquer estrangeiros que queriam comercializar com eles,
but|they had|much|care|with|any|foreigners|who|they wanted|to trade|with|them
But they were very careful with any foreigners who wanted to trade with them,
como chineses e coreanos, que também tinham pouco acesso.
like|Chinese|and|Koreans|who|also|they had|little|access
such as Chinese and Koreans, who also had little access.
Os japoneses não podiam deixar o país e aqueles que se arriscavam a fazer isso eram proibidos de voltar para casa.
the|Japanese|not|they could|to leave|the|country|and|those|who|themselves|they risked|to|to do|that|they were|prohibited|from|to return|to|home
The Japanese could not leave the country, and those who dared to do so were prohibited from returning home.
Aos poucos, o Japão se tornou uma nação isolada, sem praticamente nenhum contato com outras civilizações.
to the|few|the|Japan|itself|became|a|nation|isolated|without|practically|any|contact|with|other|civilizations
Little by little, Japan became an isolated nation, with practically no contact with other civilizations.
O centro de todo esse território fechado em si mesmo, claro, era a enorme cidade de Edo.
the|center|of|all|this|territory|closed|in|itself|self|of course|was|the|huge|city|of|Edo
The center of all this self-contained territory, of course, was the huge city of Edo.
Osaka e Kyoto também eram cidades enormes.
Osaka|and|Kyoto|also|were|cities|huge
Osaka and Kyoto were also huge cities.
E os habitantes dessas cidades passavam longe de arte rebuscada, viu?
and|the|inhabitants|of those|cities|spent|far|from|art|elaborate|you see
And the inhabitants of these cities stayed far away from elaborate art, you know?
Eles curtiam mesmo coisas mais divertidas, como livros de romances e comédia e espetáculos de Kabuki,
they|enjoyed|really|things|more|fun|like|books|of|romance|and|comedy|and|shows|of|Kabuki
They really enjoyed more fun things, like romance and comedy books and Kabuki performances,
que é uma forma de teatro popular japonês.
that|is|a|form|of|theater|popular|Japanese
which is a form of popular Japanese theater.
E nesse cenário não podemos deixar de falar das geishas.
and|in this|context|not|we can|leave|to|talk|about the|geishas
And in this context, we cannot fail to mention the geishas.
Ao contrário do que muita gente imagina, elas não eram cortesãs nem prostitutas,
to the|contrary|to the|that|many|people|imagines|they|not|were|courtesans|nor|prostitutes
Contrary to what many people imagine, they were neither courtesans nor prostitutes,
e sim artistas com habilidades de dança e canto.
and|yes|artists|with|skills|in|dance|and|singing
and yes, artists with dancing and singing skills.
Aliás, alguns desses artistas inclusive eram homens.
by the way|some|of these|artists|even|they were|men
By the way, some of these artists were even men.
Mas sim, existem geishas que começaram a oferecer serviços sexuais
but|yes|there are|geishas|that|they started|to|to offer|services|sexual
But yes, there are geishas who started offering sexual services
quando se apresentavam em quartos reservados, né?
when|themselves|they performed|in|rooms|private|right
when they performed in private rooms, right?
Quando tinham interesse no cliente.
when|they had|interest|in the|client
When they had an interest in the client.
Havia uma diferença distinta entre os geishas e os cortesãs.
there was|a|difference|distinct|between|the|geishas|and|the|courtesans
There was a distinct difference between geishas and courtesans.
Os geishas eram entretenidores profissionais.
the|geishas|they were|entertainers|professional
Geishas were professional entertainers.
Eles tinham a música, cantavam, tocavam instrumentos e dançavam.
they|they had|the|music|they sang|they played|instruments|and|they danced
They had music, sang, played instruments, and danced.
Enquanto os cortesãs entreteniam os clientes com conversas e gratificações sexuais.
while|the|courtesans|entertained|the|clients|with|conversations|and|gratifications|sexual
While the courtesans entertained the clients with conversations and sexual gratifications.
Agora, aquela história de que o Japão se tornou um país totalmente fechado.
now|that|story|of|that|the|Japan|itself|became|a|country|totally|closed
Now, that story that Japan became a completely closed country.
As outras nações não queriam saber disso, especialmente as ocidentais.
the|other|nations|not|wanted|to know|about that|especially|the|western
The other nations did not want to know about it, especially the Western ones.
Como esses países começaram a expandir sua influência pela Ásia e Pacífico
how|these|countries|started|to|expand|their|influence|through|Asia|and|Pacific
As these countries began to expand their influence across Asia and the Pacific.
a partir do fim do século XVII, faziam de tudo para ter algum contato com o Japão.
to|starting|from the|end|of the|century|17th|they did|of|everything|to|to have|some|contact|with|the|Japan
from the end of the 17th century, they did everything to have some contact with Japan.
Mas o Shogunato não queria nem saber disso.
but|the|Shogunate|not|it wanted|even|to know|about it
But the Shogunate didn't want to know about that.
Tudo começou a mudar em 1853, quando um oficial da Marinha Americana
everything|it started|to|to change|in|when|an|officer|of the|Navy|American
Everything started to change in 1853, when an officer of the American Navy
aportou em Edo acompanhado de diversos navios de guerra
he docked|in|Edo|accompanied|by|several|ships|of|war
arrived in Edo accompanied by several warships.
e deixando claro que ou o Japão era um dos principais navios de guerra,
and|leaving|clear|that|either|the|Japan|was|one|of the|main|ships|of|war
and making it clear that either Japan was one of the main warships,
ou o Japão abria os seus portões para outros países, ou o bicho ia pegar.
or|the|Japan|opened|the|its|gates|to|other|countries|or|the|beast|was going|to catch
or Japan would open its gates to other countries, or things would get tough.
O assunto foi muito debatido, mas o Shogunato acabou aceitando.
the|subject|was|very|debated|but|the|Shogunate|ended|accepting
The subject was heavily debated, but the Shogunate ended up accepting.
Aí meus amigos, começaram a aparecer navios ingleses, russos, franceses, pronto.
then|my|friends|started|to|to appear|ships|English|Russian|French|ready
Then my friends, English, Russian, and French ships started to appear, that's it.
Todo mundo queria falar com os japoneses.
all|world|wanted|to talk|with|the|Japanese
Everyone wanted to talk to the Japanese.
O problema é que a população japonesa via os estrangeiros como uma ameaça
the|problem|is|that|the|population|Japanese|saw|the|foreigners|as|a|threat
The problem is that the Japanese population saw foreigners as a threat.
muito por causa da influência do governo e sua política de fechar o país.
much|because of|cause|of the|influence|of the|government|and|its|policy|to|to close|the|country
Much because of the government's influence and its policy of closing the country.
Aí, quando um monte de gringos começou a aparecer, o povo começou a pensar
then|when|a|bunch|of|foreigners|started|to|to appear|the|people|started|to|to think
Then, when a bunch of foreigners started to appear, the people began to think.
que o Shogunato, que já andava meio desgastado, não tinha capacidade
that|the|Shogunate|that|already|was|somewhat|worn out|not|had|capacity
that the Shogunate, which was already somewhat worn out, did not have the capacity
de ser o grande protetor militar do país.
to|be|the|great|protector|military|of the|country
to be the great military protector of the country.
Aí pronto, começaram as conspirações.
then|ready|they started|the|conspiracies
Then it was done, the conspiracies began.
Os nobres que eram contra o Shogunato aproveitaram que o trono também tinha
the|nobles|who|were|against|the|Shogunate|they took advantage|that|the|throne|also|had
The nobles who were against the Shogunate took advantage of the fact that the throne also had
um novo imperador e convenceram o cara de que esse papo de Shogun não tinha mais futuro.
a|new|emperor|and|they convinced|the|guy|that|that|this|talk|of|Shogun|not|had|anymore|future
a new emperor and convinced the guy that this talk of Shogun had no future.
Com toda essa pressão política, o Shogun entregou o cargo.
with|all|this|pressure|political|the|Shogun|he delivered|the|position
With all this political pressure, the Shogun resigned.
Assim, o poder voltou para o imperador e depois de cerca de 700 anos,
thus|the|power|it returned|to|the|emperor|and|after|of|about|of|years
Thus, power returned to the emperor and after about 700 years,
o domínio dos Shoguns sobre o Japão chegou ao fim.
the|rule|of the|Shoguns|over|the|Japan|it came|to the|end
the rule of the Shoguns over Japan came to an end.
De uma vez por todas.
of|a|time|for|all
Once and for all.
Uma coisa importante de dizer aqui é que o Japão não entrou na Era Moderna
one|thing|important|to|say|here|is|that|the|Japan|not|entered|in the|Era|Modern
One important thing to say here is that Japan did not enter the Modern Era
por vontade própria.
by|will|own
of its own accord.
Na verdade, o país foi literalmente puxado para a Era Moderna por outras nações.
In the|truth|the|country|was|literally|pulled|to|the|Era|Modern|by|other|nations
In fact, the country was literally pulled into the Modern Era by other nations.
E aí a gente entra num período muito importante na nossa história
and|there|the|we|enter|in a|period|very|important|in our|our|history
And then we enter a very important period in our history
que foi praticamente uma ponte entre a Era dos Samurais
that|was|practically|a|bridge|between|the|Era|of the|Samurais
which was practically a bridge between the Samurai Era
e o começo daquele Japão que a gente conhece hoje.
and|the|beginning|of that|Japan|that|the|we|know|today
and the beginning of the Japan that we know today.
E bem no meio disso, a gente mergulha de cabeça naquilo que eu falei lá no comecinho do vídeo,
and|right|in the|middle|of this|the|we|dive|of|head|into that|that|I|said|back|in the|very beginning|of the|video
And right in the middle of this, we dive headfirst into what I mentioned at the beginning of the video,
que é a busca da identidade do povo japonês.
that|is|the|search|of the|identity|of the|people|Japanese
which is the search for the identity of the Japanese people.
Em praticamente todos os momentos que a gente viu, os japoneses viviam isolados
In|practically|all|the|moments|that|the|we|saw|the|Japanese|lived|isolated
In practically every moment we saw, the Japanese lived in isolation
e sem muito contato com outras culturas.
and|without|much|contact|with|other|cultures
and without much contact with other cultures.
Construindo sua identidade e sua forma de pensar.
building|their|identity|and|their|way|of|thinking
Building their identity and their way of thinking.
Mas a partir de agora, isso seria colocado à prova.
but|from|starting|of|now|this|would be|put|to the|test
But from now on, this would be put to the test.
Porque o Japão teria que descobrir qual era o seu papel no mundo.
because|the|Japan|would have|to|discover|what|was|the|its|role|in the|world
Because Japan would have to figure out what its role in the world was.
Encontrando maneiras de criar uma nação forte e respeitada pelas outras.
finding|ways|to|create|a|nation|strong|and|respected|by the|others
Finding ways to create a strong nation that is respected by others.
E olha, isso não foi nada fácil.
and|look|this|not|was|anything|easy
And look, this was not easy at all.
Como vocês viram, depois do fim do Shogunato, o poder voltou para a mão do imperador
as|you|saw|after|the|end|of the|Shogunate|the|power|returned|to|the|hand|of the|emperor
As you saw, after the end of the Shogunate, power returned to the hands of the emperor.
num período chamado de Restauração Meiji.
in a|period|called|of|Restoration|Meiji
In a period called the Meiji Restoration.
Então, o imperador ficou com a tarefa de literalmente reconstruir e modernizar
so|the|emperor|remained|with|the|task|of|literally|rebuilding|and|modernizing
So, the emperor was tasked with literally rebuilding and modernizing.
todo o sistema político do Japão.
all|the|system|political|of the|Japan
the entire political system of Japan.
E se você acha que isso já era uma tarefa difícil,
and|if|you|think|that|this|already|was|a|task|difficult
And if you think that was already a difficult task,
lembre-se que esse imperador chamado Mutsuhito tinha apenas 15 anos de idade.
||that|this|emperor|named|Mutsuhito|had|only|years|of|age
remember that this emperor named Mutsuhito was only 15 years old.
Quem ajudou muito nessa tarefa foram justamente os líderes samurais
who|helped|a lot|in this|task|were|precisely|the|leaders|samurai
Those who helped a lot with this task were precisely the samurai leaders
que ajudaram a derrubar o Shogunato.
who|helped|to|overthrow|the|Shogunate
who helped to overthrow the Shogunate.
E a primeira grande tarefa era mostrar ao povo que, mesmo com todas essas mudanças,
and|the|first|big|task|was|to show|to the|people|that|even|with|all|these|changes
And the first major task was to show the people that, even with all these changes,
o governo era estável e o país não iria mergulhar numa guerra civil.
the|government|was|stable|and|the|country|not|would go|to plunge|into a|war|civil
the government was stable and the country would not plunge into a civil war.
Agora, política estável não quer dizer que não rolariam mudanças.
now|politics|stable|not|wants|to mean|that|not|would roll|changes
Now, stable politics does not mean that there wouldn't be changes.
E uma das primeiras envolvia a própria capital.
and|one|of the|first|involved|the|own|capital
And one of the first involved the capital itself.
No tempo do Tokugawa, o poder estava dividido entre Kioto e Edo.
in the|time|of the|Tokugawa|the|power|was|divided|between|Kyoto|and|Edo
In the time of Tokugawa, power was divided between Kyoto and Edo.
Agora, o país precisava de uma única capital.
now|the|country|needed|of|a|single|capital
Now, the country needed a single capital.
E a escolhida foi Edo, que passou a se chamar Tóquio, que significa Capital do Leste.
and|the|chosen|was|Edo|which|became|to|itself|to be called|Tokyo|which|means|capital|of the|East
And the chosen one was Edo, which became known as Tokyo, meaning Capital of the East.
Outra mudança aconteceu com a distribuição de tênis.
another|change|happened|with|the|distribution|of|tennis shoes
Another change occurred with the distribution of tennis.
Eram as guerras que voltaram a pertencer ao governo
they were|the|wars|that|they returned|to|belong|to the|government
They were the wars that returned to belong to the government.
e o país foi reorganizado em prefeituras, o sistema de administração que existe até hoje.
and|the|country|it was|reorganized|into|municipalities|the|system|of|administration|that|exists|until|today
And the country was reorganized into municipalities, the system of administration that exists to this day.
Mas a transformação mais profunda mesmo foi o fim daquele sistema de classes engessado.
but|the|transformation|most|profound|indeed|it was|the|end|of that|system|of|classes|rigid
But the deepest transformation was the end of that rigid class system.
Isso teve duas consequências.
this|it had|two|consequences
This had two consequences.
A primeira é que as pessoas podiam trabalhar na área que elas quisessem.
the|first|is|that|the|people|could|work|in the|area|that|they|wanted
The first is that people could work in the area they wanted.
A segunda, ainda mais radical, é que isso literalmente decretou o fim dos samurais.
the|second|even|more|radical|is|that|this|literally|decreed|the|end|of the|samurais
The second, even more radical, is that this literally decreed the end of the samurai.
Os samurais que eu tanto gosto.
the|samurais|that|I|so|like
The samurai that I like so much.
Desde o fim do Shogunato, os samurais não tinham muito mais o que fazer.
since|the|end|of the|Shogunate|the|samurais|not|had|much|more|what|to|do
Since the end of the Shogunate, the samurai had not much more to do.
Essa é a verdade.
this|is|the|truth
This is the truth.
Aí em 1873, surgiu uma lei que dizia que todo homem podia ser convocado para o exército.
then|in|arose|a|law|that|said|that|every|man|could|be|called|to|the|army
Then in 1873, a law was enacted stating that every man could be drafted into the army.
Então a própria existência dos samurais ficou sem propósito.
then|the|own|existence|of the|samurais|became|without|purpose
Thus, the very existence of the samurai became purposeless.
E eles foram obrigados a abandonar suas armas, recebendo uma indenização do governo como compensação.
and|they|were|forced|to|abandon|their|weapons|receiving|a|compensation|from the|government|as|compensation
And they were forced to abandon their weapons, receiving compensation from the government as restitution.
Aliás, quem é fã de Samurai X?
by the way|who|is|fan|of|Samurai|X
By the way, who is a fan of Samurai X?
Você que é fã de Samurai X vai lembrar que o personagem principal, Kenshin Himura,
you|who|are|fan|of|Samurai|X|will|remember|that|the|character|main|Kenshin|Himura
You who are a fan of Samurai X will remember that the main character, Kenshin Himura,
vive no começo da Era Menji e é parado o tempo inteiro pela polícia porque estava andando com suas espadas.
lives|in the|beginning|of the|Era|Meiji|and|is|stopped|the|time|whole|by the|police|because|was|walking|with|his|swords
lives at the beginning of the Meiji Era and is stopped all the time by the police because he was walking with his swords.
Ah, uma curiosidade rápida.
ah|a|curiosity|quick
Ah, a quick curiosity.
Kenshin foi inspirado em um dos maiores assassinos da história do Japão, chamado Kawakami Gensai.
Kenshin|he was|inspired|in|one|of the|greatest|assassins|in the|history|of the|Japan|called|Kawakami|Gensai
Kenshin was inspired by one of the greatest assassins in Japanese history, named Kawakami Gensai.
Mas de volta ao lance das espadas que eu estava falando.
but|back to|return|to the|matter|of the|swords|that|I|was|talking
But back to the sword thing I was talking about.
Em 1876, o governo criou uma lei que proibia as pessoas de andarem com armas na rua.
in|the|government|created|a|law|that|prohibited|the|people|from|walking|with|weapons|in the|street
In 1876, the government created a law that prohibited people from walking around with weapons in the street.
As exceções eram os antigos senhores feudais, militares e oficiais da lei.
the|exceptions|they were|the|former|lords|feudal|military|and|officers|of the|law
The exceptions were the former feudal lords, military personnel, and law officials.
Ou seja, a partir daí, na prática, qualquer samurai que decidisse dar um rolê pela cidade com suas espadas
or|that is|from|to start|from there|in the|practice|any|samurai|who|decided|to give|a|stroll|through the|city|with|his|swords
In other words, from then on, in practice, any samurai who decided to take a stroll through the city with their swords
teria suas armas confiscadas.
would have|their|weapons|confiscated
would have their weapons confiscated.
Só que a gente está falando de guerreiros que tinham mandado no país durante séculos
only|that|the|people|is|talking|about|warriors|who|had|command|in the|country|for|centuries
But we are talking about warriors who had ruled the country for centuries
e que nunca aceitariam isso de boa.
and|that|never|would accept|this|from|good
and who would never accept this lightly.
Assim, aos poucos, alguns começaram a se reunir na cidade de Kagoshima,
thus|to the|few|some|they started|to|themselves|to gather|in the|city|of|Kagoshima
Thus, little by little, some began to gather in the city of Kagoshima,
sob a liderança de um antigo samurai que tinha apoiado o imperador,
under|the|leadership|of|an|old|samurai|who|he had|supported|the|emperor
under the leadership of an old samurai who had supported the emperor,
mas acabou brigando com o novo governo e ficou puto com essa história de restauração imperial.
but|he ended up|fighting|with|the|new|government|and|he became|pissed|with|this|story|of|restoration|imperial
but ended up fighting with the new government and was pissed off about this whole imperial restoration story.
Em 1877, o governo mandou navios recolherem as munições estocadas em Kagoshima.
in|the|government|it sent|ships|to collect|the|ammunition|stored|in|Kagoshima
In 1877, the government sent ships to collect the ammunition stored in Kagoshima.
Os samurais que estavam na região atacaram as embarcações e a partir daí os combates começaram a crescer.
the|samurais|that|were|in the|region|attacked|the|vessels|and|from|starting|from there|the|battles|began|to|grow
The samurais in the region attacked the vessels, and from there the battles began to escalate.
Esses conflitos duraram meses até o Exército Nacional derrotar os últimos samurais
these|conflicts|lasted|months|until|the|Army|National|to defeat|the|last|samurais
These conflicts lasted for months until the National Army defeated the last samurais.
que eram contra toda essa modernização, rompendo um dos elos mais fortes do Japão com seu passado.
that|were|against|all|this|modernization|breaking|one|of the|links|most|strong|of the|Japan|with|its|past
who were against all this modernization, breaking one of Japan's strongest ties to its past.
Mas o aspecto mais difícil dessa modernização toda foi cultural.
but|the|aspect|most|difficult|of this|modernization|all|was|cultural
But the most difficult aspect of this entire modernization was cultural.
Muitas filosofias e teorias científicas ocidentais que chegavam ao Japão
many|philosophies|and|theories|scientific|western|that|were arriving|to the|Japan
Many Western philosophies and scientific theories that arrived in Japan
iam contra tudo aquilo que o Japão tinha.
were going|against|everything|that|that|the|Japan|had
went against everything that Japan had.
Um exemplo eram as ideias de liberdade individual.
an|example|were|the|ideas|of|freedom|individual
One example was the ideas of individual freedom.
Imagine um povo que passou séculos sem sequer poder mudar de profissão tentando assimilar todos esses conceitos.
imagine|a|people|that|spent|centuries|without|even|being able|to change|from|profession|trying|to assimilate|all|these|concepts
Imagine a people who spent centuries without even being able to change professions trying to assimilate all these concepts.
Aí o governo percebeu que tinha um problema nas mãos.
then|the|government|realized|that|had|a|problem|in the|hands
Then the government realized that it had a problem on its hands.
Se por um lado os caras sabiam que seria impossível construir uma nação forte com um povo submisto e sem iniciativa,
if|for|one|side|the|guys|knew|that|would be|impossible|to build|a|nation|strong|with|a|people|mixed|and|without|initiative
On one hand, the guys knew that it would be impossible to build a strong nation with a mixed and unmotivated people,
por outro lado tinham medo de que um povo forte demais poderia se colocar contra o poder de uma sociedade.
|||||that|that|a|people|strong|too|could|itself|to put|against|the||||
but on the other hand, they were afraid that a people too strong could rise against the power of society.
Ou mesmo de que um povo forte demais poderia se colocar contra o governo.
Or even that a people too strong could rise against the government.
A saída que o governo encontrou foi algo muito em moda na segunda metade do século 19.
the|exit|that|the|government|found|was|something|very|in|fashion|in the|second|half|of the|century
The solution that the government found was something very fashionable in the second half of the 19th century.
O nacionalismo.
the|nationalism
Nationalism.
Como eu já expliquei em outros vídeos aqui no canal, nacionalismo é diferente de patriotismo.
as|I|already|explained|in|other|videos|here|on the|channel|nationalism|is|different|from|patriotism
As I have explained in other videos here on the channel, nationalism is different from patriotism.
O patriotismo diz que você tem que amar o seu país.
the|patriotism|says|that|you|have|to|love|the|your|country
Patriotism says that you have to love your country.
Já o nacionalismo, explicando de forma bem rápida, passa pelo sentimento de união de um povo ou de uma cultura
already|the|nationalism|explaining|in|way|very|quick|passes|through the|feeling|of|union|of|a|people|or|of|a|culture
Nationalism, explained very briefly, involves the feeling of unity of a people or a culture.
e normalmente desemboca na ideia de que aquele povo é superior a todos os outros.
and|normally|leads|in the|idea|that|that|that|people|is|superior|to|all|the|others
It usually leads to the idea that that people is superior to all others.
Assim, o governo começou a criar uma filosofia de que servir ao imperador significava ser um bom japonês.
thus|the|government|began|to|create|a|philosophy|that|that|to serve|to the|emperor|meant|to be|a|good|Japanese
Thus, the government began to create a philosophy that serving the emperor meant being a good Japanese.
Algo que não podia jamais ser compartilhado com pessoas de outros povos que eram inferiores.
something|that|not|could|ever|to be|shared|with|people|of|other|peoples|that|were|inferior
Something that could never be shared with people from other nations who were considered inferior.
Isso realmente deu um propósito e um norte para o povo japonês, mas como vocês vão ver daqui a pouco,
this|really|gave|a|purpose|and|a|direction|for|the|people|Japanese|but|as|you all|will|see|from here|to|soon
This really gave a purpose and direction to the Japanese people, but as you will see shortly,
teve consequências bem negativas.
had|consequences|quite|negative
it had some very negative consequences.
Agora, de todas as ideias que chegaram ao Japão nessa época, a mais perigosa para o governo era a democracia.
now|of|all|the|ideas|that|arrived|in the|Japan|at that|time|the|most|dangerous|for|the|government|was|the|democracy
Now, of all the ideas that reached Japan at that time, the most dangerous for the government was democracy.
Afinal, esse conceito poderia enfraquecer o poder do imperador,
after all|this|concept|could|weaken|the|power|of the|emperor
After all, this concept could weaken the emperor's power,
mas ao mesmo tempo o governo sabia que as potências de um país eram muito diferentes.
but|at the|same|time|the|government|knew|that|the|powers|of|a|country|were|very|different
but at the same time the government knew that the powers of a country were very different.
ai_request(all=418 err=0.00%) translation(all=833 err=0.00%) cwt(all=9871 err=0.73%)
en:B7ebVoGS:250526
openai.2025-02-07
PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=9.08 PAR_CWT:B7ebVoGS=12.14