El arte de la buena vida (4)
the|art|of|the|good|life
L'art de vivre (4)
良い生活の芸術 (4)
Sztuka dobrego życia (4)
The art of the good life (4)
día a día. Por el contrario, serán fracasados retraídos y pasivos. De hecho, se asemejarán
day|to|day|For|the|contrary|they will be|failures|withdrawn|and|passive|In|fact|themselves|they will resemble
day by day. On the contrary, they will be withdrawn and passive failures. In fact, they will resemble
a individuos depresivos incapaces siquiera de salir de la cama por la mañana. Sin embargo,
to|individuals|depressed|incapable|even|of|to get out|of|the|bed|in|the|morning|Without|however
depressed individuals who are unable even to get out of bed in the morning. However,
antes de sucumbir a esta línea argumental, hemos de recordar que los estoicos no eran
before|to|to succumb|to|this|line|argumentative|we have|to|to remember|that|the|Stoics|not|they were
before succumbing to this line of argument, we must remember that the Stoics were not
pasivos ni retraídos. Por el contrario, participaban plenamente en la vida diaria. De esto se sigue
passive|nor|withdrawn|On|the|contrary|they participated|fully|in|the|life|daily|From|this|itself|it follows
passive or withdrawn. On the contrary, they fully participated in daily life. From this it follows
una de estas dos conclusiones, o los estoicos eran hipócritas que no actuaban conforme
one|of|these|two|conclusions|or|the|Stoics|they were|hypocrites|that|not|they acted|in accordance
one of these two conclusions, either the Stoics were hypocrites who did not act according to
a sus principios o en la argumentación anterior hemos, malinterpretado los principios estoicos.
to|their|principles|or|in|the|argumentation|previous|we have|misinterpreted|the|principles|Stoic
their principles or in the previous argument we have misinterpreted Stoic principles.
Ahora discutiré esta segunda alternativa. recordemos que entre las cosas sobre las que
now|I will discuss|this|second|alternative|let's remember|that|among|the|things|about|the|which
Now I will discuss this second alternative. Let us remember that among the things we
tenemos un control absoluto están los objetivos que nos fijamos a, nosotros mismos. Creo que
we have|an|control|absolute|they are|the|objectives|that|ourselves|we set|to|ourselves|ourselves|I believe|that
have absolute control over are the goals we set for ourselves. I believe that
cuando un estoico se preocupa por las cosas sobre las que tiene un control relativo, como
when|a|stoic|himself/herself|he/she worries|about|the|things|about|the|that|he/she has|a|control|relative|like
when a Stoic worries about things over which they have relative control, such as
ganar un partido de tenis, será muy cuidadoso respecto a los objetivos que define para sí
to win|a|match|of|tennis|he/she will be|very|careful|regarding|to|the|goals|that|he/she defines|for|himself/herself
to win a tennis match, he will be very careful about the goals he sets for himself.
mismo. En particular, procurará disponer objetivos internos en lugar de objetivos externos. Así
same|In|particular|it will seek|to arrange|objectives|internal|in|instead|of|objectives|external|Thus
In particular, he will aim to set internal goals instead of external goals. Thus,
pues, su objetivo al jugar al tenis no será ganar el partido, algo externo, sobre lo que
because|his/her|objective|when|playing|to|tennis|not|it will be|to win|the|match|something|external|about|it|
his goal when playing tennis will not be to win the match, something external, over which
sólo tiene un control parcial, sino jugar dando lo mejor de sí, algo interno, sobre
only|he/she has|a|control|partial|but|to play|giving|it|best|of|himself/herself|something|internal|about
he only has partial control, but to play giving his best, something internal, over
lo que tiene un control absoluto. Al elegir este objetivo, se ahorrará la frustración
what|that|it has|an|control|absolute|Upon|choosing|this|objective|itself|it will save|the|frustration
which he has absolute control. By choosing this goal, he will save himself from frustration.
o la decepción si pide el partido. Como su objetivo no era ganar, no habrá fracasado
or|the|disappointment|if|it asks for|the|match|As|his|objective|not|it was|to win|not|it will|failed
or the disappointment if he loses the match. Since his goal was not to win, he will not have failed
en su objetivo, siempre y cuando haya dado lo mejor de sí. Su serenidad no se verá
in|his/her|objective|always|and|when|he/she has|given|it|best|of|himself/herself|His/Her|serenity|not|itself|he/she will see
in his objective, as long as he has given his best. His serenity will not be
perturbada. En este punto merece la pena señalar que dar lo mejor de sí mismo al jugar un
disturbed|In|this|point|it deserves|the|worth|to point out|that|to give|the|best|of|oneself|itself|when|playing|a
disturbed. At this point, it is worth noting that giving one's best while playing a
partido de tenis y ganar el, partido están conectados causalmente. En concreto, qué
match|of|tennis|and|to win|it|match|they are|connected|causally|In|specific|what
tennis match and winning the match are causally connected. Specifically, what
mejor manera de ganar el partido que esforzándose al máximo. Los estoicos sabían que nuestros
better|way|to|to win|the|match|than|by striving|to the|maximum|The|Stoics|they knew|that|our
better way to win the match than by giving your all. The Stoics knew that our
objetivos internos influirán en nuestro rendimiento externo, pero también que los objetivos que
objectives|internal|they will influence|in|our|performance|external|but|also|that|the|objectives|that
internal goals will influence our external performance, but also that the goals we
nos fijamos conscientemente pueden ejercer un gran impacto en nuestro, subsiguiente estado
we|we fix|consciously|they can|to exert|a|great|impact|on|our|subsequent|state
consciously set can have a great impact on our subsequent emotional state.
emocional. En particular, si decidimos conscientemente que nuestro objetivo será ganar el partido
emotional|In|particular|if|we decide|consciously|that|our|objective|it will be|to win|the|match
In particular, if we consciously decide that our goal will be to win the tennis match,
de tenis, no aumentaremos nuestras posibilidades de ganarlo. De hecho, quizá incluso las limitaremos,
in|tennis|not|we will increase|our|chances|of|winning it|In|fact|perhaps|even|the|we will limit
we will not increase our chances of winning it. In fact, we may even limit them,
si al principio del partido da la impresión de que vamos a perder, nos pondremos nerviosos,
if|at|the beginning|of the|match|it gives|the|impression|that|we|we are going|to|to lose|ourselves|we will become|nervous
if at the beginning of the match it seems that we are going to lose, we will get nervous,
lo que influirá negativamente en nuestro juego y reducirá nuestras posibilidades.
what|that|it will influence|negatively|in|our|game|and|it will reduce|our|possibilities
which will negatively influence our game and reduce our chances.
Además, al definir ganar el partido como nuestro objetivo, multiplicamos exponencialmente la
in addition|to|defining|to win|the|match|as|our|objective|we multiply|exponentially|the
Furthermore, by defining winning the match as our goal, we exponentially multiply the
posibilidad de que el resultado nos perturbe. Si, por otra parte, decidimos que dar lo mejor
possibility|of|that|the|result|us|it disturbs|If|for|another|part|we decide|that|to give|the|best
possibility that the result will disturb us. If, on the other hand, we decide that giving our best
de nosotros mismos es nuestro objetivo, no reduciremos nuestras perspectivas de ganar,
of|ourselves|ourselves|it is|our|objective|not|we will reduce|our|perspectives|of|to win
is our goal, we will not reduce our chances of winning,
pero si la posibilidad de que el resultado del partido resulte una experiencia perturbadora.
but|if|the|possibility|of|that|the|result|of the|match||a|experience|disturbing
but we will reduce the possibility that the match result will be a disturbing experience.
Así pues, interiorizar nuestros objetivos respecto al tenis no tiene vuelta de hoja,
thus|therefore|to internalize|our|objectives|regarding|to|tennis|not|it has|turn|of|page
Thus, internalizing our goals regarding tennis is straightforward,
definir que nuestro objetivo será jugar lo mejor que podamos presenta una ventaja,
to define|that|our|objective|it will be|to play|it|better|than|we can|it presents|an|advantage
defining that our goal will be to play as well as we can presents an advantage,
una angustia emocional reducida en el futuro, y muy pocas o ninguna desventaja. En lo que
an|anguish|emotional|reduced|in|the|future|and|very|few|or|none|disadvantage|In|it|that
a reduced emotional distress in the future, and very few or no disadvantages. In what
respecta a otros aspectos de la vida más significativos, un estoico será igualmente
it respects|to|other|aspects|of|the|life|more|significant|a|stoic|it will be|equally
concerns other more significant aspects of life, a Stoic will likewise
cuidadoso al definir sus objetivos. Por ejemplo, los estoicos me recomendarían preocuparme por
careful|when|defining|his|objectives|For|example|the|Stoics|to me|they would recommend|to worry about|
be careful in defining their goals. For example, Stoics would recommend that I worry about
saber si mi pareja me quiere, aun cuando se trata de una cuestión sobre la que no puedo
to know|if|my|partner|me|he/she loves|even|when|itself|it deals|with|a|question|about|the|that|not|I can
to know if my partner loves me, even when it is a matter over which I cannot
ejercer un control absoluto. Pero cuando me ocupo de este asunto, mi objetivo no debería
to exercise|an|control|absolute|But|when|I|I occupy|of|this|matter|my|objective|not|it should
exercise absolute control. But when I focus on this issue, my goal should not
ser un mero objetivo externo, conseguir que me quiera, no importa cuánto lo intente,
to be|a|mere|objective|external|to achieve|that|me|he/she loves|not|it matters|how much|it|I try
be a mere external goal, to get them to love me, no matter how hard I try,
puedo fracasar en este aspecto, y la inquietud se apoderará de mí. Por el contrario, mi objetivo
I can|to fail|in|this|aspect|and|the|anxiety|itself|it will take over|of|me|For|the|contrary|my|objective
I may fail in this aspect, and anxiety will take hold of me. On the contrary, my goal
debería ser interno, comportarme, en la medida de mis posibilidades, de manera cariñosa. De un modo
I should|to be|internal|to behave myself|in|the|measure|of|my|possibilities|in|way|affectionate|In|a|way
should be internal, to behave, to the best of my ability, in a loving manner. In a way
análogo, mi objetivo respecto a mi jefe debería ser hacer mi trabajo lo mejor que pueda. Estos
analogous|my|objective|regarding|to|my|boss|I should|to be|to do|my|work|it|the best|that|I can|These
analogous, my goal regarding my boss should be to do my job as best as I can. These
objetivos son factibles al margen de la reacción de mi pareja y de mi jefe ante mis esfuerzos.
goals|they are|feasible|on|margin|of|the|reaction|of|my|partner|and|of|my|boss|in the face of|my|efforts
goals are feasible regardless of my partner's and my boss's reactions to my efforts.
Al interiorizar estos esfuerzos en la vida cotidiana, el estoico es capaz de preservar
in|internalizing|these|efforts|in|the|life|everyday|the|stoic|he/she is|capable|of|to preserve
By internalizing these efforts in daily life, the stoic is able to preserve
su serenidad mientras afronta cuestiones sobre las que solo tiene un control parcial.
his/her|serenity|while|he/she faces|issues|about|which|that|only|he/she has|a|control|partial
their serenity while facing issues over which they only have partial control.
Categorías de cosas. Ejemplo. Consejo de Epicteto. Cosas sobre las que tenemos un control absoluto.
categories|of|things|example|advice|of|Epictetus|things|about|the|that|we have|an|control|absolute
Categories of things. Example. Advice from Epictetus. Things over which we have absolute control.
Los objetivos que formamos para nosotros mismos, nuestros valores. Deberíamos atender a estas
the|objectives|that|we form|for|ourselves|ourselves|our|values|we should|to attend|to|these
The goals we set for ourselves, our values. We should pay attention to these.
cuestiones. Cosas sobre las que no tenemos ningún control en absoluto. Que el sol salga mañana.
issues|things|about|the|that|not|we have|any|control|in|absolute|That|the|sun|it rises|tomorrow
Issues. Things over which we have no control at all. That the sun will rise tomorrow.
No deberíamos atender a estas cuestiones. Cosas sobre las que tenemos un control relativo. Ganar
not|we should|to attend|to|these|issues|Things|about|the|that|we have|a|control|relative|To win
We should not pay attention to these issues. Things over which we have relative control. Winning
el partido de tenis. Deberíamos atender a estas cuestiones, pero deberíamos ser precavidos al
the|match|of|tennis|We should|to attend|to|these|issues|but|we should|to be|cautious|when
the tennis match. We should pay attention to these issues, but we should be cautious when
interiorizar los objetivos que nos formamos respecto a ellas. La tricotomía del control.
to internalize|the|objectives|that|ourselves|we form|regarding|to|them|The|trichotomy|of the|control
internalizing the goals we set regarding them. The trichotomy of control.
Creo que es especialmente importante interiorizar nuestros objetivos si tenemos una profesión en la
I believe|that|it is|especially|important|to internalize|our|objectives|if|we have|a|profession|in|the
I believe it is especially important to internalize our goals if we have a profession in which
que el fracaso exterior es habitual. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en un aspirante a novelista. Para
that|the|failure|external|it is|common|Let's think|for|example|in|a|aspiring|to|novelist|To
external failure is common. Let's think, for example, of an aspiring novelist. In order to
tener éxito en esta profesión, debe afrontar y ganar dos batallas. Debe dominar su arte y
to have|success|in|this|profession|it must|to face|and|to win|two|battles|it must|to master|its|art|
succeed in this profession, they must face and win two battles. They must master their craft and
afrontar el rechazo a su trabajo. La mayoría de los novelistas oyen no muchas, muchas veces,
to face|the|rejection|to|their|work|The|majority|of|the|novelists|they hear|not|many||times
face rejection of their work. Most novelists hear no many, many times,
antes de oír sí. De estas dos batallas, para la mayoría de la gente la más dura es la segunda.
before|of|to hear|yes|Of|these|two|battles|for|the|majority|of|the|people|the|the most|hard|it is|the|second
before they hear yes. Of these two battles, for most people the hardest is the second.
¿Cuántos aspirantes a novelista no envían su manuscrito por temor a oír la palabra no?
how many|aspiring|to|novelist|not|they send|their|manuscript|for|fear|to|to hear|the|word|no
How many aspiring novelists do not send their manuscript for fear of hearing the word no?
¿Y cuántos aspirantes a novelista se quedan hundidos ante el primer no y renuncian a volver
and|how many|aspiring|to|novelist|themselves|they remain|sunk|in the face of|the|first|no|and|they give up|to|to return
And how many aspiring novelists remain sunk after the first no and give up on sending their manuscript again?
a enviar su manuscrito? ¿Cómo puede reducir el aspirante a novelista el coste del rechazo y por
to|send|his/her|manuscript|How|can|to reduce|the|||||cost|of the|rejection|and|for
How can the aspiring novelist reduce the cost of rejection and therefore increase the chances of success?
lo tanto aumentar las probabilidades de éxito? Interiorizando sus objetivos respecto a la
it|so|to increase|the|probabilities|of|success|Internalizing|your|objectives|regarding|to|the
By internalizing their goals regarding novel writing.
escritura de novelas. Debería fijar como objetivo no algo exterior y que apenas puede controlar,
writing|of|novels|I should|to set|as|a goal|not|something|external|and|that|hardly|it can|to control
They should set as a goal not something external and that they can barely control,
cómo conseguir que su novela sea publicada, sino un aspecto interior sobre el que ejerza
how|to get|that|your|novel|it is|published|but|an|aspect|inner|about|the|which|it exerts
how to get your novel published, but rather an internal aspect over which you have
un control considerable, como el trabajo en el manuscrito o el número de veces que lo ha enviado
a|control|considerable|like|the|work|on|the|manuscript|or|the|number|of|times|that|it|he/she has|sent
considerable control, such as the work on the manuscript or the number of times you have sent it
en un determinado periodo de tiempo. No sugiero que al interiorizar así sus objetivos no padezca
in|a|certain|period|of|time|Not|I suggest|that|to the|to internalize|like this|their|objectives|not|he/she suffers
within a certain period of time. I do not suggest that by internalizing your goals you will not suffer
el aguijón cada vez que reciba una carta de rechazo, o, como sucede a menudo, cuando no
the|stinger|every|time|that|I receive|a|letter|of|rejection|or|as|it happens|to|often|when|not
the sting every time you receive a rejection letter, or, as often happens, when you do not
reciba ninguna respuesta al trabajo enviado. Sin embargo, puede reducir significativamente los
I receive|no|response|to the|work|sent|Without|however|it can|to reduce|significantly|the
receive any response to the submitted work. However, it can significantly reduce the
efectos de ese aguijón. En lugar de desanimarse durante todo un año antes de volver a enviar el
effects|of|that|sting|In|place|of|to get discouraged|for|an entire|a|year|before|of|to return|to|to send|the
effects of that sting. Instead of feeling discouraged for an entire year before resending the
manuscrito, su periodo de desánimo se reducirá a una semana o tal vez incluso a un día, y este
manuscript|his|period|of|discouragement|itself|it will reduce|to|a|week|or|such|time|even|to|a|day|and|this
manuscript, their period of discouragement will be reduced to a week or maybe even a day, and this
cambio influirá notablemente en las posibilidades de ver publicada su novela. Los lectores tal vez
change|it will influence|significantly|in|the|possibilities|of|to see|published|your|novel|The|readers|perhaps|time
change will significantly influence the chances of seeing their novel published. Readers may
dirán que el proceso de interiorizar nuestros objetivos apenas es algo más que un juego mental.
they will say|that|the|process|of|to internalize|our|objectives|barely|it is|something|more|than|a|game|mental
say that the process of internalizing our goals is hardly more than a mental game.
El verdadero objetivo del aspirante a novelista es conseguir que su novela sea publicada,
the|true|objective|of the|aspiring|to|novelist|it is|to achieve|that|his/her|novel|it is|published
The true goal of the aspiring novelist is to get their novel published,
algo que él sabe bien, y al aconsejarle que interiorice sus objetivos con respecto al libro,
something|that|he|he knows|well|and|when|to advise him|to|he internalizes|his|objectives|with|regarding|the|book
something he knows well, and by advising him to internalize his goals regarding the book,
no hago más que sugerirle que finja que su objetivo no es la publicación. En respuesta a esta objeción,
not|I do|more|than|to suggest to you|that|he/she pretends|that|his/her|objective|not|it is|the|publication|In|response|to|this|objection
I am merely suggesting that he pretend his goal is not publication. In response to this objection,
señalaré, para empezar, que es posible que alguien, invirtiendo el tiempo necesario en la
I will point out|to|to begin|that|it is|possible|that|someone|investing|the|time|necessary|in|the
I will point out, to begin with, that it is possible for someone, by investing the necessary time in the
práctica de la interiorización de objetivos, desarrolle la capacidad para no mirar más allá
practice|of|the|internalization|of|objectives|develop|the|ability|to|not|to look|beyond|there
practice of internalizing goals, to develop the ability to not look beyond
de sus objetivos interiorizados, en cuyo caso éstos se convertirían en sus objetivos reales.
of|their|objectives|internalized|in|whose|case||themselves|they would convert|into|their|objectives|real
their internalized goals, in which case these would become their real goals.
Además, aunque el proceso de interiorización sea un juego mental, es un juego útil. El temor al
in addition|although|the|process|of|internalization|it is|a|game|mental|it is|a|game|useful|The|fear|to the
Moreover, although the process of internalization is a mental game, it is a useful game. The fear of
fracaso es un rasgo psicológico, por lo que no es una sorpresa que al alterar nuestra actitud
failure|it is|a|trait|psychological|for|it|that|not|it is|a|surprise|that|upon|altering|our|attitude
failure is a psychological trait, so it is not surprising that by altering our attitude
psicológica hacia el fracaso, eligiendo cuidadosamente nuestros objetivos, influyamos
psychological|towards|the|failure|choosing|carefully|our|goals|we influence
towards failure, carefully choosing our goals, we influence
en el grado en que ese temor nos afecta. Como he explicado, los estoicos estaban muy interesados
in|the|degree|in|that|that|fear|us|it affects|As|I have|explained|the|Stoics|they were|very|interested
the degree to which that fear affects us. As I have explained, the Stoics were very interested
en la psicología humana y no eran reacios a utilizar, trucos, psicológicos para superar
in|the|psychology|human|and|not|they were|reluctant|to|to use|tricks|psychological|to|to overcome
in human psychology and were not reluctant to use psychological tricks to overcome
ciertos aspectos del temperamento humano, como la presencia de emociones negativas. De hecho,
certain|aspects|of the|temperament|human|such as|the|presence|of|emotions|negative|In|fact
certain aspects of human temperament, such as the presence of negative emotions. In fact,
la técnica de la visualización negativa descrita en el capítulo anterior no es más que un truco
the|technique|of|the|visualization|negative|described|in|the|chapter|previous|not|it is|more|than|a|trick
the technique of negative visualization described in the previous chapter is nothing more than a trick
psicológico. Al imaginar cómo puede empeorar una situación, evitaremos o invertiremos el
psychological|when|imagining|how|it can|to worsen|a|situation|we will avoid|or|we will invest|the
psychological. By imagining how a situation can worsen, we will avoid or reverse the
proceso de adaptación hedónica. Sin embargo, es un truco especialmente eficaz si nuestro
process|of|adaptation|hedonic|Without|however|it is|a|trick|especially|effective|if|our
hedonic adaptation process. However, it is a particularly effective trick if our
objetivo es apreciar lo que tenemos en lugar de darlo por supuesto y, si nuestro objetivo es
objective|it is|to appreciate|what|that|we have|in|instead|of|to take it|for|granted|and|if|our|objective|it is
goal is to appreciate what we have instead of taking it for granted and, if our goal is
experimentar la felicidad en lugar de hastiarnos por la vida y por el mundo que nos ha, tocado
to experience|the|happiness|in|instead|of|to become bored|for|the|life|and|for|the|world|that|to us|it has|fallen to
to experience happiness instead of becoming weary of life and the world that we have been given
vivir. Tras estas palabras sobre la interiorización de los objetivos, me voy a permitir una pausa para
to live|After|these|words|about|the|internalization|of|the|objectives|myself|I am going|to|to allow|a|pause|to
to live. After these words about the internalization of goals, I will allow myself a pause to
hacer una confesión. En mis estudios sobre Epicteto y otros estoicos, he encontrado pocas
to make|a|confession|In|my|studies|about|Epictetus|and|other|stoics|I have|found|few
make a confession. In my studies on Epictetus and other Stoics, I have found few
evidencias de que ellos defendieran la interiorización de objetivos tal y como la he
evidence|that|they|they|they defended|the|internalization|of|objectives|such|and|as|the|I
evidences that they advocated for the internalization of goals as I have
descrito, lo que plantea la pregunta de si los estoicos realmente utilizaron esta técnica.
described|it|that|it raises|the|question|of|whether|the|Stoics|really|they used|this|technique
described, which raises the question of whether the Stoics actually used this technique.
Sin embargo, les he atribuido la técnica en la medida en que interiorizar los propios objetivos
however|however|to them|I have|attributed|the|technique|in|the|measure|in|that|to internalize|the|own|objectives
However, I have attributed the technique to the extent that internalizing one's own goals
es el camino más obvio si uno desea, como hicieron los estoicos, preocuparse sólo por
it is|the|path|more|obvious|if|one|he/she desires|as|they did|the|Stoics|to worry|only|for
is the most obvious path if one wishes, as the Stoics did, to only worry about
aquellas cosas sobre las que se tiene control y si se aspira a conservar la serenidad al
those|things|about|the|that|oneself|one has|control|and|if|oneself|one aspires|to|to maintain|the|serenity|to the
those things over which one has control and if one aims to maintain serenity when
afrontar retos en los que es posible fracasar, en el sentido externo de la palabra. Al referirme a
to face|challenges|in|which|that|it is|possible|to fail|in|the|sense|external|of|the|word|In|to refer|to
facing challenges in which it is possible to fail, in the external sense of the word. When referring to
los objetivos de la interiorización, puedo ser culpable de manipular o mejorar el estoicismo.
the|objectives|of|the|internalization|I can|to be|guilty|of|to manipulate|or|to improve|the|stoicism
the goals of internalization, I may be guilty of manipulating or enhancing Stoicism.
Como explicaré en el capítulo 20, no tengo reparos al actuar así. Ahora que comprendemos
as|I will explain|in|the|chapter|not|I have|reservations|to|to act|like this|Now|that|we understand
As I will explain in chapter 20, I have no qualms about acting this way. Now that we understand
la técnica de la interiorización de nuestros objetivos, estamos en posición de explicar lo
the|technique|of|the|internalization|of|our|objectives|we are|in|position|to|to explain|it
the technique of internalizing our goals, we are in a position to explain what
que de otra manera parecería un comportamiento paradójico por parte de los estoicos. Aunque
that|in|another|way|it would seem|a|behavior|paradoxical|on|part|of|the|Stoics|although
would otherwise seem like a paradoxical behavior on the part of the Stoics. Although
valoran la serenidad, se sienten obligados a ser participantes activos en la sociedad en la
they value|the|serenity|themselves|they feel|obligated|to|to be|participants|active|in|the|society||
they value serenity, they feel compelled to be active participants in the society in which they live.
que viven. Sin embargo, esta participación pone claramente en peligro esa serenidad. Por ejemplo,
that|they live|Without|however|this|participation|it puts|clearly|in|danger|that|serenity|For|example
However, this participation clearly jeopardizes that serenity. For example,
sospechamos que Catón habría disfrutado de una vida más tranquila de no haberse visto obligado
we suspect|that|Caton|he would have|enjoyed|of|a|life|more|peaceful|of|not|himself|seen|forced
we suspect that Cato would have enjoyed a quieter life had he not been forced
a combatir el ascenso al poder de Julio César, si hubiera pasado sus días, por ejemplo,
to|combat|the|rise|to the|power|of|Julius|Caesar|if|he/she had|spent|his|days|for|example
to combat the rise to power of Julius Caesar, had he spent his days, for example,
en una biblioteca, leyendo a los estoicos. No obstante, me gustaría sugerir que Catón y otros
in|a|library|reading|to|the|Stoics|Not|however|I|I would like|to suggest|that|Cato|and|others
in a library, reading the Stoics. Nevertheless, I would like to suggest that Cato and others
estoicos encontraron una forma de conservar la serenidad a pesar de su compromiso con el
Stoics|they found|a|way|to|to preserve|the|serenity|to|despite|of|their|commitment|with|it
Stoics found a way to maintain serenity despite their commitment to the
mundo que lo rodeaba, interiorizaron sus objetivos. Su objetivo no era cambiar el
world|that|it|surrounded|they internalized|their|objectives|Its|objective|not|it was|to change|the
world around them, internalizing their goals. Their aim was not to change the
mundo, sino hacer cuanto estuviera en sus manos para facilitar ciertos cambios. Aunque sus esfuerzos
world|but|to do|as much|it were|in|his|hands|to|to facilitate|certain|changes|although|his|efforts
world, but to do everything in their power to facilitate certain changes. Although their efforts
se revelaran ineficaces, al menos podían estar tranquilos, conscientes de que habían cumplido su
themselves|they would reveal|ineffective|at|least|they could|to be|calm|aware|that|they|they had|fulfilled|their
proved ineffective, at least they could be at peace, aware that they had fulfilled their
objetivo, hacer cuanto estaba en su mano. Un estoico practicante tendrá muy presente la
objective|to do|as much|it was|in|his|hand|A|stoic|practitioner|he/she will have|very|present|the
objective, to do everything they could. A practicing stoic will keep very much in mind the
tricotomía del control al afrontar sus tareas cotidianas. Llevará a cabo una especie de
trichotomy|of|control|when|facing|their|tasks|daily|It will|a|out|a|kind|of
trichotomy of control when facing their daily tasks. They will carry out a kind of
clasificación en la que dividirá los elementos que componen su vida en tres categorías, aquellos
classification|in|the|that|it will divide|the|elements|that|they compose|your|life|into|three|categories|those
classification in which they will divide the elements that make up their life into three categories, those
sobre los que tiene un control total, aquellos sobre los que no ejerce ningún control y aquellos
over|the|that|he/she has|a|control|total|those|over|the|that|not|he/she exerts|any|control|and|those
about those over which he has total control, those over which he has no control, and those
sobre los que tiene un control relativo. Considerará que no vale la pena preocuparse por los elementos
about|the|that|it has|a|control|relative|It will consider|that|not|it is worth|the|trouble|to worry|about|the|elements
over which he has relative control. He will consider that it is not worth worrying about the elements
incluidos en la segunda categoría, aquellos sobre lo que no tiene ningún control. Al actuar así se
included|in|the|second|category|those|about|it|that|not|it has|any|control|Upon|acting|this way|itself
included in the second category, those over which he has no control. By acting this way, he
ahorrará una gran dosis de ansiedad inútil. Se ocupará en cambio de aquellos sobre lo que tiene
it will save|a|great|dose|of|anxiety|useless|itself|it will occupy|in|instead|of|those|about|what|that|it has
will save himself a great deal of unnecessary anxiety. Instead, he will focus on those over which he has
un control total y de aquellos sobre lo que ejerce un control relativo, y cuando se ocupe de esta
a|control|total|and|of|those|over|it|that|it exercises|a|control|relative|and|when|itself|it occupies|itself|this
total control and those over which he exercises relative control, and when he focuses on this.
última categoría, procurará definir objetivos internos y no externos, y así evitará una
last|category|it will seek|to define|objectives|internal|and|not|external|and|thus|it will avoid|a
last category, will seek to define internal objectives and not external ones, thus avoiding a
considerable dosis de frustración y decepción. 6. Fatalismo. Liberarse del pasado, y del presente.
considerable|dose|of|frustration|and|disappointment|Fatalism|To free oneself|from the|past|and|from the|present
considerable dose of frustration and disappointment. 6. Fatalism. Freeing oneself from the past, and from the present.
Los estoicos creían que una forma de preservar nuestra serenidad es adoptar una actitud fatalista
the|Stoics|they believed|that|a|way|to|to preserve|our|serenity|it is|to adopt|an|attitude|fatalistic
The Stoics believed that one way to preserve our serenity is to adopt a fatalistic attitude
hacia todo lo que nos sucede. Según Séneca, deberíamos entregarnos al destino, en el sentido
to|everything|that|which|to us|happens|According to|Seneca|we should|to surrender ourselves|to the|destiny|in|the|sense
towards everything that happens to us. According to Seneca, we should surrender to fate, in the sense
de que, es un gran consuelo pensar que nos arrastra tal como arrastra a todo el universo,
of|that|it is|a|great|comfort|to think|that|us|it drags|such|as|it drags|to|all|the|universe
that it is a great comfort to think that it carries us just as it carries the entire universe,
punto 1, según Epicteto, deberíamos tener muy presente que somos meros actores en una obra
point|according to|Epictetus|we should|to have|very|present|that|we are|mere|actors|in|a|play
Point 1, according to Epictetus, we should keep in mind that we are mere actors in a play
escrita por otro, más exactamente, por las parcas. No podemos elegir nuestro papel en esta obra,
written|by|another|more|exactly|by|the|fates|Not|we can|to choose|our|role|in|this|play
written by another, more precisely, by the Fates. We cannot choose our role in this play,
pero al margen del papel que se nos asigne, hemos de interpretarlo lo mejor que podamos.
but|on|margin|of|role|that|itself|to us|it assigns|we have|to|to interpret it|it|better|than|we can
but regardless of the role assigned to us, we must perform it to the best of our ability.
Si las parcas nos encargan el papel de un vagabundo, debemos interpretarlo bien,
if|the|fates|us|they assign|the|role|of|a|vagabond|we must|to interpret it|well
If the Fates assign us the role of a beggar, we must play it well,
y lo mismo si nos asignan el papel de un rey. Epicteto afirma que si queremos que nuestra vida
and|it|the same|if|us|they assign|the|role|of|a|king|Epictetus|he affirms|that|if|we want|that|our|life
and the same goes if we are assigned the role of a king. Epictetus states that if we want our life
fluya por el cauce adecuado, hemos de procurar que nuestros deseos se adapten a los acontecimientos
it flows|through|the|channel|appropriate|we have|to|to ensure|that|our|desires|themselves|they adapt|to|the|events
flow through the proper channel, we must ensure that our desires adapt to events
en lugar de pretender que los acontecimientos se conformen a nuestros deseos, en otras palabras,
in|place|of|to pretend|that|the|events|themselves|to conform|to|our|desires|in|other|words
instead of trying to make events conform to our desires, in other words,
deberíamos desear que los acontecimientos, sucedan tal como suceden, punto, 2. Marco
we should|to wish|that|the|events|they happen|as|like|they happen|period|Marco
we should wish for events to happen as they do, period, 2. Marco
Aurelio también defiende una actitud fatalista hacia la vida. Actuar de otro modo es rebelarse
Aurelio|also|he defends|a|attitude|fatalistic|towards|the|life|To act|in|another|way|it is|to rebel
Aurelius also advocates a fatalistic attitude towards life. Acting otherwise is to rebel
contra la naturaleza, y estas rebeliones son contraproducentes si lo que pretendemos es
against|the|nature|and|these|rebellions|they are|counterproductive|if|it|that|we intend|it is
against nature, and these rebellions are counterproductive if what we intend is
alcanzar una buena vida. En concreto, si rechazamos los decretos del destino, dice Marco Aurelio,
to achieve|a|good|life|In|concrete|if|we reject|the|decrees|of the|destiny|says|Marcus|Aurelius
to achieve a good life. Specifically, if we reject the decrees of fate, says Marcus Aurelius,
probablemente experimentaremos una aflicción, una ira y un temor que perturbarán nuestra serenidad.
probably|we will experience|a|grief|a|anger|and|a|fear|that|they will disturb|our|serenity
we will likely experience sorrow, anger, and fear that will disturb our serenity.
Para evitarlo, hemos de aprender a adaptarnos al entorno en el que el destino nos ha colocado y
to|avoid it|we have|to|to learn|to|to adapt ourselves|to the|environment|in|the|that|the|destiny|us|it has|placed|and
To avoid this, we must learn to adapt to the environment in which fate has placed us and
hacer cuanto podamos para amar a, las personas que los hados han puesto a nuestro alrededor.
to do|as much|we can|to|to love|to|the|people|that|the|fates|they have|placed|to|our|around
do everything we can to love the people that fate has placed around us.
Debemos aprender a dar la bienvenida a lo que nos toca en suerte y convencernos de que todo lo que
we must|to learn|to|to give|the|welcome|to|what|that|to us|it touches|in|luck|and|to convince ourselves|of|that|everything|it|
We must learn to welcome what comes our way and convince ourselves that everything that
suceda es para, nuestro bien. De hecho, según Marco Aurelio, un buen hombre ha de acoger,
it happens|it is|for|our|good|Of|fact|according to|Marcus|Aurelius|a|good|man|he has|to|to embrace
what happens is for our good. In fact, according to Marcus Aurelius, a good man must embrace,
toda experiencia que los telares del destino tejan para él, punto, 3. Como la mayoría de
every|experience|that|the|looms|of the|destiny|they weave|for|him|period|As|the|majority|of
every experience that the looms of fate weave for him, period, 3. Like most of
los antiguos romanos, los estoicos daban por sentado que tenían un destino. Más exactamente,
the|ancient|Romans|the|Stoics|they gave|for|granted|that|they had|a|destiny|More|exactly
the ancient Romans, the Stoics took for granted that they had a destiny. More precisely,
creían en la existencia de tres diosas conocidas como las Parcas. Cada una de ellas cumplía una
they believed|in|the|existence|of|three|goddesses|known|as|the|Fates|Each|one|of|them|it fulfilled|a
they believed in the existence of three goddesses known as the Fates. Each of them had a
labor, Cloto tejía la vida, Láquesis la medía y Atropos la cortaba. Por mucho que lo intentaran,
labor|Clotho|she wove|the|life|Lachesis|it|she measured|and|Atropos|it|she cut|For|much|that|it|they tried
task, Clotho wove life, Lachesis measured it, and Atropos cut it. No matter how hard they tried,
los mortales no podían escapar al destino que para ellos habían elegido las Parcas. Como Dios
the|mortals|not|they could|to escape|to the|destiny|that|for|them|they had|chosen|the|Fates|As|God
mortals could not escape the fate that the Fates had chosen for them. Like God
supremo, Zeus tenía el poder de anular las decisiones de las Parcas, pero prefería no
supreme|Zeus|he had|the|power|to|to annul|the|decisions|of|the|Fates|but|he preferred|not
supreme, Zeus had the power to annul the decisions of the Fates, but he preferred not to
por razones prácticas. En la Ilíada, 14.440-449, por ejemplo, Homero describe un episodio en el
for|reasons|practical|In|the|Iliad|for|example|Homer|he describes|an|episode|in|the
for practical reasons. In the Iliad, 14.440-449, for example, Homer describes an episode in the
que Zeus se queja a Hera de que Sarpedón está condenado a ser asesinado por Patroclo, Zeus
that|Zeus|himself|complains|to|Hera|about|that|Sarpedon|he is|condemned|to|to be|killed|by|Patroclus|Zeus
which Zeus complains to Hera that Sarpedon is doomed to be killed by Patroclus, Zeus
considera la posibilidad de interferir para salvar su vida. Hera le implora no hacerlo,
to consider|the|possibility|to|to interfere|to|to save|his/her|life|Hera|him/her|implores|not|to do it
considers the possibility of interfering to save his life. Hera implores him not to do so,
porque entonces los otros dioses también intervendrían en los asuntos terrenales,
because|then|the|other|gods|also|they would intervene|in|the|affairs|earthly
because then the other gods would also intervene in earthly affairs,
lo que a su vez crearía una gran discordia entre ellos, por lo tanto, para los antiguos romanos la
what|that|to|their|turn|it would create|a|great|discord|between|them|for|the|therefore|for|the|ancient|Romans|the
which in turn would create great discord among them, therefore, for the ancient Romans,
vida era como una carrera de caballos amañada, las Parcas ya sabían quién ganaría y quién perdería
life|it was|like|a|race|of|horses|rigged|the|Fates|already|they knew|who|would win|and|who|would lose
life was like a rigged horse race, the Fates already knew who would win and who would lose
en los certámenes de la vida. Un jinete podría negarse a participar en una carrera que sabe
in|the|contests|of|the|life|A|rider|he could|to refuse|to|to participate|in|a|race|that|he knows
in the contests of life. A rider could refuse to participate in a race that he knows
amañada, ¿por qué molestarse en correr cuando en algún lugar alguien sabe quién va a ganar?
rigged|why||to bother|to|to run|when|in|some|place|someone|knows|who|is going|to|to win
is rigged, why bother to run when somewhere someone knows who is going to win?
Del mismo modo podríamos esperar que los antiguos romanos se negaran a participar en
in|the same|way|we could|to expect|that|the|ancient|Romans|themselves|they refused|to|to participate|in
Similarly, we could expect that the ancient Romans would refuse to participate in
los certámenes de la vida, ¿para qué, si el futuro ya ha sido determinado? Lo interesante
the|contests|of|the|life|for|what|if|the|future|already|it has|been|determined|The|interesting
the contests of life, why bother, if the future has already been determined? The interesting
es que, a pesar de su determinismo, a pesar de creer que lo que acontece tenía que acontecer,
it is|that|to|in spite|of|its|determinism|to|in spite|of|to believe|that|what|that|happens|it had|to|to happen
thing is that, despite their determinism, despite believing that what happens had to happen,
los antiguos no eran fatalistas respecto al futuro. Los estoicos, por ejemplo, no se retiraban
the|ancients|not|they were|fatalists|regarding|the|future|The|Stoics|for|example|not|themselves|they withdrew
the ancients were not fatalistic about the future. The Stoics, for example, did not withdraw
apáticamente, resignados a lo que el futuro les deparara, al contrario, pasaban sus días trabajando
apathetically|resigned|to|what|that|the|future|to them|it would bring|in|on the contrary|they spent|their|days|working
apathetically, resigned to whatever the future held for them; on the contrary, they spent their days working
para influir en el resultado de acontecimientos por venir. De un modo análogo, los soldados de la
to|influence|in|the|outcome|of|events|for|to come|In|a|way|analogous|the|soldiers|of|the
to influence the outcome of future events. In a similar way, the soldiers of the
antigua Roma iban valerosamente a la guerra y combatían con bravura en las batallas, a pesar
ancient|Rome|they went|valiantly|to|the|war|and|they fought|with|bravery|in|the|battles|to|despite
ancient Rome bravely went to war and fought valiantly in battles, despite
de creer que su resultado estaba predestinado. Evidentemente, esto nos lega a un enigma,
to|believe|that|its|result|it was|predestined|Evidently|this|to us|it bequeaths|to|a|enigma
believing that their outcome was predestined. Clearly, this leaves us with a puzzle,
aunque los estoicos defienden el fatalismo, no parecen haberlo practicado. Así pues,
although|the|Stoics|they defend|the|fatalism|not|they seem|to have it|practiced|Thus|therefore
although the Stoics advocate fatalism, they do not seem to have practiced it. Thus,
¿cómo hemos de tomarnos su consejo de adoptar una actitud fatalista hacia todo lo que nos
how|we have|to|to take|his/her|advice|to|to adopt|a|attitude|fatalistic|towards|everything|it|that|us
how should we take their advice to adopt a fatalistic attitude towards everything that affects us?
acontece? Para resolver este enigma hemos de distinguir entre el fatalismo respecto al futuro
it happens|to|to solve|this|enigma|we have|to|to distinguish|between|the|fatalism|regarding|the|future
What happens? To solve this enigma, we must distinguish between fatalism regarding the future
y el fatalismo respecto al pasado. Cuando una persona es fatalista respecto al futuro, al
and|the|fatalism|regarding|to the|past|When|a|person|it is|fatalist|regarding|to the|future|to the
and fatalism regarding the past. When a person is fatalistic about the future, when
decidir un curso de acción tendrá muy presente que sus actos no influirán en los acontecimientos
to decide|a|course|of|action|it will have|very|in mind|that|its|actions|not|they will influence|in|the|events
deciding on a course of action, they will be very aware that their actions will not influence the events
venideros. Es improbable que esa persona invierta tiempo y energía pensando en el futuro o intentando
future|it is|unlikely|that|that|person|he/she invests|time|and|energy|thinking|in|the|future|or|trying
to come. It is unlikely that this person will invest time and energy thinking about the future or trying
cambiarlo. Cuando una persona es fatalista respecto al pasado, adopta la misma actitud
to change it|when|a|person|he/she is|fatalistic|regarding|the|past|he/she adopts|the|same|attitude
to change it. When a person is fatalistic about the past, they adopt the same attitude.
en relación con los eventos pretéritos. Al decidirse actuar tendrá muy presente que sus
in|relation|with|the|events|past|Upon|deciding|to act|he/she will have|very|present|that|his/her
in relation to past events. When deciding to act, they will keep in mind that their
actos no pueden influir en el pasado. Es improbable que esa persona invierta tiempo y energía pensando
acts|not|they can|to influence|in|the|past|It is|unlikely|that|that|person|he/she invests|time|and|energy|thinking
actions cannot influence the past. It is unlikely that this person will spend time and energy thinking
en cómo el pasado podría haber sido diferente. Creo que cuando los estoicos defienden el fatalismo
in|how|the|past|it could|to have|been|different|I believe|that|when|the|Stoics|they defend|the|fatalism
about how the past could have been different. I believe that when the Stoics advocate for fatalism
están abogando por una forma limitada de la doctrina. Más exactamente, nos aconsejan ser
they are|advocating|for|a|form|limited|of|the|doctrine|More|exactly|us|they advise|to be
they are supporting a limited form of the doctrine. More precisely, they advise us to be
fatalistas respecto al pasado, tener muy presente que el pasado no puede alterarse. Así pues,
fatalists|regarding|to the|past|to have|very|present|that|the|past|not|it can|to be altered|thus|therefore
fatalists regarding the past, keeping in mind that the past cannot be changed. Thus,
los estoicos no aconsejarían a una madre con un hijo enfermo que sea fatalista respecto al futuro,
the|stoics|not|they would advise|to|a|mother|with|a|son|sick|to|she be|fatalistic|regarding|the|future
the Stoics would not advise a mother with a sick child to be fatalistic about the future,
debe intentar curar al niño, aunque las parcas ya hayan decidido si vivirá o morirá. Pero si
he/she must|to try|to heal|the|child|although|the|fates|already|they have|decided|whether|he/she will live|or|he/she will die|But|if
she should try to cure the child, even if the Fates have already decided whether he will live or die. But if
el pequeño fallece, le aconsejarán ser fatalista en relación con el pasado. Incluso para un estoico
the|little|he/she dies|him/her|they will advise|to be|fatalistic|in|relation|with|the|past|Even|for|a|stoic
the little one dies, they will advise her to be fatalistic regarding the past. Even for a Stoic
es natural sentir dolor tras la muerte de un hijo. Sin embargo, aferrarse a esa muerte es dilapidar
it is|natural|to feel|pain|after|the|death|of|a|son|Without|however|to cling|to|that|death|it is|to squander
it is natural to feel pain after the death of a child. However, clinging to that death is squandering
el tiempo y las emociones, ya que el pasado no puede ser alterado. Por lo tanto, aferrarse a
the|time|and|the|emotions|already|that|the|past|not|it can|to be|altered|For|it|therefore|to cling|
time and emotions, since the past cannot be changed. Therefore, clinging to
la muerte del niño provocará un sufrimiento inútil a la mujer. Al plantear que no debemos
the|death|of the|child|it will provoke|an|suffering|useless|to|the|woman|Upon|raising|that|not|we must
the death of the child will cause unnecessary suffering to the woman. By suggesting that we should not
aferrarnos al pasado, los estoicos no sugieren que no pensemos nunca en él. A veces, debemos
to cling|to|the past|the|Stoics|not|they suggest|that|not|we think|ever|in|it|Sometimes|times|we must
cling to the past, the Stoics do not imply that we should never think about it. Sometimes, we must
pensar en el pasado para aprender lecciones que puedan ayudarnos en nuestro esfuerzo por dar
to think|in|the|past|to|to learn|lessons|that|they can|to help us|in|our|effort|to|to give
reflect on the past to learn lessons that can help us in our effort to shape
forma al futuro, por ejemplo, la madre que acabamos de mencionar debe pensar en la causa
form|in|future|for|example|the|mother|that|we just|of|to mention|she must|to think|about|the|cause
the future, for example, the mother we just mentioned must think about the cause
de la muerte de su pequeño para proteger mejor a sus otros hijos. Así pues, si el vástago ha
of|the|death|of|his|little|to|to protect|better|to|his|other|children|Thus|then|if|the|offspring|it has
of her child's death to better protect her other children. Thus, if the offspring has
fallecido a causa de la ingesta de vallas venenosas, su madre ha de procurar que sus
deceased|due|to|of|the|ingestion|of|berries|poisonous|his|mother|she has|to|to ensure|that|his
deceased due to the ingestion of poisonous berries, his mother must ensure that her
otros hijos se alejen de ellas y ha de enseñarles que son venenosas. Al actuar así se libera del
other|children|themselves|they move away|from|them|and|he/she has|to|to teach them|that|they are|poisonous|Upon|acting|this way|himself/herself|he/she frees|from the
other children stay away from them and must teach them that they are poisonous. By acting this way, she frees herself from the
pasado. En concreto, debe evitar pasarse los días atrapada en pensamientos condicionales,
past|In|specific|it must|to avoid|to spend|the|days|trapped|in|thoughts|conditional
past. Specifically, she must avoid spending her days trapped in conditional thoughts,
si hubiera sabido que había comido esas vallas. Si lo hubiera llevado antes al médico. Sin duda,
if|I had|known|that|I had|eaten|those|berries|If|it|I had|taken|before|to the|doctor|Without|doubt
if only she had known that he had eaten those berries. If only she had taken him to the doctor sooner. Undoubtedly,
a los individuos modernos les parece más aceptable el fatalismo respecto al futuro que en relación con
to|the|individuals|modern|to them|it seems|more|acceptable|the|fatalism|regarding|to the|future|than|in|relation|to
modern individuals find fatalism regarding the future more acceptable than in relation to
el pasado. La mayoría de nosotros rechaza la idea de estar predestinados a vivir una vida determinada,
the|past|The|majority|of|us|rejects|the|idea|of|to be|predestined|to|to live|a|life|determined
the past. Most of us reject the idea of being predestined to live a certain life,
por el contrario, creemos que nuestro esfuerzo influye en el futuro. Al mismo tiempo, aceptamos
for|the|contrary|we believe|that|our|effort|it influences|in|the|future|At|same|time|we accept
on the contrary, we believe that our effort influences the future. At the same time, we accept
de buen grado que el pasado es inalterable, por lo que cuando los estoicos nos aconsejan ser
of|good|degree|that|the|past|it is|unchangeable|for|it|that|when|the|Stoics|us|they advise|to be
willingly that the past is unchangeable, so when the Stoics advise us to be
fatalistas al respecto, es poco probable que desoigamos ese consejo. Además de recomendarnos
fatalists|about|it|it is|little|likely|that|we ignore|that|advice|Furthermore|of|recommending us
fatalists about it, it is unlikely that we will ignore that advice. In addition to recommending us
ser fatalistas respecto al pasado, creo que los estoicos defienden el fatalismo respecto al
to be|fatalists|regarding|the|past|I believe|that|the|Stoics|they defend|the|fatalism||
to be fatalists regarding the past, I believe that the Stoics advocate fatalism regarding the
presente. Después de todo, es evidente que a través de nuestros actos no podemos influir en
present|after|of|everything|it is|evident|that|to|through|of|our|acts|not|we can|to influence|in
present. After all, it is evident that through our actions we cannot influence
el presente, si por presente queremos decir este momento. Es posible que mis actos influyan en lo
the|present|if|for|present|we want|to say|this|moment|It is|possible|that|my|acts|they influence|in|it
the present, if by present we mean this moment. It is possible that my actions influence what
que sucede en una década, un día, un minuto o incluso medio segundo después, sin embargo,
that|happens|in|a|decade|a|day|a|minute|or|even|half|second|after|without|however
happens in a decade, a day, a minute, or even half a second later; however,
es imposible que mis actos alteren lo que sucede justo ahora, puesto que mientras actúo para
it is|impossible|that|my|actions|they alter|what|that|happens|just|now|since|that|while|I act|to
it is impossible for my actions to alter what happens right now, since while I act to
influir en este instante, el instante se habrá deslizado al pasado y por lo tanto no podré
to influence|in|this|moment|the|moment|itself|it will|slipped|into|past|and|for|it|therefore|not|I will be able to
influence this instant, the instant will have slipped into the past and therefore I will not be able to
influir en él. Así pues, los estoicos nos aconsejan ser fatalistas no respecto al futuro
to influence|in|him|Thus|therefore|the|Stoics|us|they advise|to be|fatalists|not|regarding|to the|future
to influence it. Thus, the Stoics advise us to be fatalistic not regarding the future
sino en relación con el pasado y con el presente. En apoyo de esta interpretación del fatalismo
but|in|relation|with|the|past|and|with|the|present|In|support|of|this|interpretation|of the|fatalism
but in relation to the past and the present. In support of this interpretation of Stoic fatalism
estoico, es útil reconsiderar algunos de los consejos estoicos anteriormente mencionados.
stoic|it is|useful|to reconsider|some|of|the|advice|stoic|previously|mentioned
it is useful to reconsider some of the previously mentioned Stoic advice.
Cuando Epicteto nos aconseja que hemos de desear que los acontecimientos sucedan como suceden,
when|Epictetus|us|he advises|that|we have|to|to wish|that|the|events|they happen|as|they happen
When Epictetus advises us to wish for events to happen as they do,
se refiere a acontecimientos que suceden, que han sucedido o están sucediendo, no a
||to|events|that|happen|that|they have|happened|or|they are|happening|not|to
he refers to events that happen, that have happened, or are happening, not to
acontecimientos que sucederán. En otras palabras, nos aconseja que seamos fatalistas respecto al
events|that|will happen|In|other|words|us|it advises|that|we be|fatalists|regarding|to the
events that will happen. In other words, it advises us to be fatalistic regarding the
pasado y al presente. Del mismo modo, así como no podemos dar la bienvenida a un visitante hasta que
past|and|to|present|Of the|same|way|so|as|not|we can|to give|the|welcome|to|a|visitor|until|that
past and the present. Similarly, just as we cannot welcome a visitor until they
llegue, el buen hombre de Marco Aurelio no puede coger las experiencias que los telares del destino
I arrive|the|good|man|of|Marcus|Aurelius|not|he can|to take|the|experiences|that|the|looms|of the|destiny
arrive, the good man of Marcus Aurelius cannot grasp the experiences that the weavings of fate
tejen para el hasta, que esas experiencias acontezcan. ¿Cómo puede el fatalismo respecto
they weave|for|the|until|that|those|experiences|they happen|How|can|the|fatalism|regarding
create for him until those experiences occur. How can fatalism regarding
al presente hacer que nuestra vida vaya mejor? Como he dicho, los estoicos han argumentado que
to|the present|to make|that|our|life|it goes|better|As|I have|said|the|Stoics|they have|argued|that
the present make our life better? As I have said, the Stoics have argued that
la mejor manera de estar satisfechos no es trabajando para satisfacer nuestros deseos,
the|best|way|to|to be|satisfied|not|it is|working|to|to satisfy|our|desires
the best way to be satisfied is not by working to satisfy our desires,
sino aprendido a estar satisfechos con nuestra vida tal cual es, aprendiendo a ser felices con
but|learned|to|to be|satisfied|with|our|life|such|as|it is|learning|to|to be|happy|with
but by learning to be satisfied with our life as it is, learning to be happy with
lo que tenemos. Podemos pasar los días deseando que nuestras circunstancias sean diferentes,
what|that|we have|We can|to spend|the|days|wishing|that|our|circumstances|they are|different
what we have. We can spend our days wishing our circumstances were different,
pero si nos dejamos arrastrar por esta actitud, pasaremos los días en un estado de insatisfacción.
but|if|ourselves|we let|to be dragged|by|this|attitude|we will spend|the|days|in|a|state|of|dissatisfaction
but if we let ourselves be carried away by this attitude, we will spend our days in a state of dissatisfaction.
Por el contrario, si aprendemos a desear lo que ya tenemos, no tendremos que esforzarnos
for|the|contrary|if|we learn|to|to desire|what|that|already|we have|not|we will have|to|to strive
On the contrary, if we learn to desire what we already have, we will not have to strive
en cumplir nuestros deseos para estar satisfechos, ya habrán sido cumplidos. Sin embargo,
in|to fulfill|our|desires|to|to be|satisfied|already|they will have|been|fulfilled|Without|however
in fulfilling our desires to be satisfied, they may have already been fulfilled. However,
una de las cosas que tenemos a nuestro alcance es el instante presente, y podemos tomar una
one|of|the|things|that|we have|at|our|reach|it is|the|moment|present|and|we can|to take|a
one of the things we have at our disposal is the present moment, and we can make an
decisión importante respecto a él, podemos desperdiciar el momento deseando que sea
decision|important|regarding|to|him|we can|to waste|the|moment|wishing|that|it be
important decision regarding it, we can waste the moment wishing it were
diferente o aceptarlo como es. Si habitualmente nos decantamos por la segunda opción, nuestra
different|or|to accept it|as|it is|If|usually|ourselves|we lean|towards|the|second|option|our
different or accept it as it is. If we usually lean towards the second option, our
vida se sumirá en la insatisfacción. Si nos inclinamos por lo primero, disfrutaremos de la
life|itself|it will sink|into|the|dissatisfaction|If|ourselves|we lean|towards|it|first|we will enjoy|of|the
life will be plunged into dissatisfaction. If we lean towards the first, we will enjoy the
existencia. Creo que esta es la razón por la que los estoicos recomendaban ser fatalistas
existence|I believe|that|this|it is|the|reason|for|the|that|the|Stoics|they recommended|to be|fatalists
existence. I believe this is the reason why the Stoics recommended being fatalistic
respecto al presente. Es la razón por la que Marco Aurelio nos recordaba que lo único que
regarding|to|the present|It is|the|reason|for|the|that|Marcus|Aurelius|us|he reminded|that|the|only|that
about the present. It is the reason why Marcus Aurelius reminded us that the only thing we
poseemos es el momento presente, la razón por la que nos aconsejaba vivir en este
we possess|it is|the|moment|present|the|reason|for|the|that|us|he/she advised|to live|in|this
possess is the present moment, the reason why he advised us to live in this
instante fugaz. 5, por supuesto, esto último recuerda al consejo budista de intentar vivir
instant|fleeting|for|sure|this|last|it reminds|to the|advice|Buddhist|to|to try|to live
fleeting instant. 5, of course, this last point recalls the Buddhist advice to try to live
en el instante presente. Otro interesante paralelismo entre estoicismo y budismo.
in|the|moment|present|Another|interesting|parallelism|between|stoicism|and|Buddhism
in the present moment. Another interesting parallelism between Stoicism and Buddhism.
Señalemos que el consejo de ser fatalistas respecto al pasado y al presente es coherente con el consejo
let us point out|that|the|advice|to|to be|fatalists|regarding|the|past|and|the|present|it is|coherent|with|the|advice
Let us note that the advice to be fatalistic about the past and the present is consistent with the advice
ofrecido en el capítulo anterior, de que no nos preocupemos por las cosas sobre las que no tenemos
offered|in|the|chapter|previous|that|that|not|ourselves|we worry|about|the|things|about|the|that|not|we have
given in the previous chapter, that we should not worry about things over which we have no
control. No tenemos control sobre el pasado, tampoco sobre el presente, si por presente queremos
control|not|we have|control|over|the|past|nor|over|the|present|if|for|present|we want
control. We have no control over the past, nor over the present, if by present we mean
decir este preciso momento. Por lo tanto, perderemos el tiempo si nos preocupan los
to say|this|precise|moment|For|it|therefore|we will lose|the|time|if|us|they worry|the
this very moment. Therefore, we will waste our time if we worry about past or present
acontecimientos pasados o presentes. Señalemos, por otra parte, que el consejo de ser fatalistas
events|past|or|present|Let us point out|for|another|part|that|the|advice|to|to be|fatalists
events. On the other hand, let us point out that the advice to be fatalistic
respecto al pasado y al presente está conectado, de una forma curiosa, con el consejo que nos anima
regarding|to|the past|and|to|the present|it is|connected|in|a|way|curious|with|the|advice|that|us|it encourages
regarding the past and the present is connected, in a curious way, to the advice that encourages us
a practicar la visualización negativa. Al practicar este ejercicio, pensamos en posibles escenarios en
to|practice|the|visualization|negative|Upon|practicing|this|exercise|we think|about|possible|scenarios|in
to practice negative visualization. By practicing this exercise, we think about possible scenarios in
los que nuestra situación podría ser peor, y al actuar así nuestro objetivo es valorar lo que
the|that|our|situation|it could|to be|worse|and|by|to act|like this|our|objective|it is|to value|what|
which our situation could be worse, and by doing so our goal is to appreciate what we
tenemos. El fatalismo defendido por los estoicos es en cierto sentido la inversión, o la imagen
we have|the|fatalism|defended|by|the|Stoics|it is|in|a certain|sense|the|inversion|or|the|image
have. The fatalism advocated by the Stoics is in a sense the inversion, or the speculative image
especular, de la visualización negativa, en lugar de pensar cómo nuestra situación podría ser peor,
to speculate|about|the|visualization|negative|in|instead|of|to think|how|our|situation|it could|to be|worse
of negative visualization, instead of thinking about how our situation could be worse,
nos negamos a pensar en cómo podría ser mejor. Al comportarnos de una forma fatalista respecto
we|we refuse|to|to think|about|how|it could|to be|better|Upon|behaving ourselves|in|a|way|fatalistic|regarding
we refuse to think about how it could be better. By behaving in a fatalistic way regarding
al pasado y al presente, nos negamos a comparar nuestra situación con situaciones preferibles y
to|past|and|to|present|ourselves|we refuse|to|to compare|our|situation|with|situations|preferable|and
the past and the present, we refuse to compare our situation with preferable and
alternativas en las que podríamos haber, estado o estar ahora mismo. Los estoicos creen que al
alternatives|in|the|that|we could|have|been|or|to be|now|right|The|Stoics|they believe|that|to the
alternative situations in which we could have been or could be right now. The Stoics believe that by
actuar así nuestra situación actual, sea cual sea, será más tolerable. Mi análisis del fatalismo
to act|this way|our|situation|current|it is|whichever|it is||more|tolerable|My|analysis|of the|fatalism
acting this way our current situation, whatever it may be, will be more tolerable. My analysis of fatalism
en este capítulo y de la visualización negativa en el capítulo 4 podría, inducir a los lectores a
in|this|chapter|and|of|the|visualization|negative|in|the|chapter|it could|to induce|to|the|readers|to
in this chapter and of negative visualization in chapter 4 could lead readers to
temer que la práctica del estoicismo conduzca a la complacencia. Los lectores admitirán que los
to fear|that|the|practice|of the|stoicism|it leads|to|the|complacency|The|readers|they will admit|that|the
fear that the practice of stoicism leads to complacency. Readers will admit that the
estoicos están inusualmente satisfechos con lo que tienen, independientemente de lo que sea,
stoics|they are|unusually|satisfied|with|what|that|they have|regardless|of|what|that|it may be
stoics are unusually satisfied with what they have, regardless of what it is,
una bendición, sin duda. Pero como resultado de ello, no serán muy poco ambiciosos. En respuesta
a|blessing|without|doubt|But|as|a result|of|it|not|they will be|very|little|ambitious|In|response
a blessing, undoubtedly. But as a result, they will not be very unambitious. In response
a esta preocupación, he de recordar que los estoicos que hemos considerado aquí eran notablemente
to|this|concern|I|to|to remember|that|the|Stoics|that|we have|considered|here|they were|remarkably
to this concern, I must remind you that the stoics we have considered here were remarkably
ambiciosos. Como hemos visto, Séneca tuvo una vida activa como filósofo, dramaturgo, inversor
ambitious|as|we have|seen|Seneca|he had|an|life|active|as|philosopher|playwright|investor
ambitious. As we have seen, Seneca had an active life as a philosopher, playwright, investor
y consejero político. Musonio Rufo y Epicteto dirigieron exitosas escuelas de filosofía. Y
and|advisor|political|Musonius|Rufus|and|Epictetus|they directed|successful|schools|of|philosophy|
and political advisor. Musonius Rufus and Epictetus led successful schools of philosophy. And
cuando no se entregaba la filosofía, Marco Aurelio trabajaba duro en el gobierno del Imperio Romano.
when|not|itself|he/she delivered|the|philosophy|Marcus|Aurelius|he worked|hard|in|the|government|of the|Empire|Roman
when philosophy was not being taught, Marcus Aurelius worked hard in the government of the Roman Empire.
Eran personas extremadamente competentes. Es en verdad curioso, aunque habrían quedado
they were|people|extremely|competent|it is|in|truth|curious|although|they would have|remained
They were extremely competent people. It is indeed curious, although they would have been
satisfechos con muy poco, sin embargo se esforzaron por labrarse una posición. Los
satisfied|with|very|little|without|however|themselves|they strove|to||a|position|The
satisfied with very little, they nevertheless strove to carve out a position for themselves. The
estoicos explicarían así esta aparente paradoja. Aunque nos enseña a estar satisfechos con lo que
Stoics|they would explain|like this|this|apparent|paradox|Although|us|it teaches|to|to be|satisfied|with|what|
Stoics would explain this apparent paradox. Although it teaches us to be satisfied with what we
tenemos, la filosofía estoica también nos aconseja buscar ciertas cosas en la vida. Por ejemplo,
we have|the|philosophy|stoic|also|us|it advises|to seek|certain|things|in|the|life|For|example
we have, Stoic philosophy also advises us to seek certain things in life. For example,
hemos de esforzarnos en ser mejores personas, en ser virtuosos en el sentido antiguo de la palabra.
we have|to|to strive|to|to be|better|people|to|to be|virtuous|in|the|sense|ancient|of|the|word
we must strive to be better people, to be virtuous in the ancient sense of the word.
Hemos de esforzarnos por practicar el estoicismo en nuestra vida cotidiana. Y,
we have|to|to make an effort|to|to practice|the|stoicism|in|our|life|daily|And
We must strive to practice Stoicism in our daily lives. And,
como veremos en el capítulo 9, debemos cumplir con nuestro deber social, por esta razón Séneca
as|we will see|in|the|chapter|we must|to fulfill|with|our|duty|social|for|this|reason|Seneca
as we will see in chapter 9, we must fulfill our social duty, for this reason Seneca
y Marco Aurelio se sintieron obligados a participar en el gobierno romano, y Musonio Rufo y Epicteto,
and|Marcus|Aurelius|themselves|they felt|obliged|to|to participate|in|the|government|Roman|and|Musonius|Rufus|and|Epictetus
and Marcus Aurelius felt compelled to participate in the Roman government, and Musonius Rufus and Epictetus,
a enseñar filosofía. Por otra parte, los estoicos no veían nada malo en disfrutar de
to|teach|philosophy|On|another|hand|the|Stoics|not|they saw|anything|wrong|in|to enjoy|of
to teach philosophy. On the other hand, the Stoics saw nothing wrong in enjoying
las circunstancias que nos han tocado en suerte, de hecho, Séneca nos aconseja,
the|circumstances|that|us|they have|fallen|in|luck|of|fact|Seneca|us|he advises
the circumstances that we have been dealt, in fact, Seneca advises us,
estar atentos a las ventajas que adornan la vida, punto, 6, como resultado, debemos casarnos y tener
to be|attentive|to|the|advantages|that|adorn|the|life|point|as|a result|we must|to marry|and|to have
to be attentive to the advantages that adorn life, therefore, we must marry and have
hijos. Y también cultivar y disfrutar de la amistad, ¿y qué ocurre con el éxito mundano?
children|and|also|to cultivate|and|to enjoy|of|the|friendship|and|what|happens|with|the|success|worldly
children. And also cultivate and enjoy friendship, and what about worldly success?
¿Buscarán fama y fortuna los estoicos? No lo harán. Los estoicos creían que todo esto no
will they seek|fame|and|fortune|the|Stoics|No|it|they will do|The|Stoics|they believed|that|everything|this|not
Will the Stoics seek fame and fortune? They will not.
tenía un valor real y en consecuencia creían que perseguirlo era insensato, especialmente si al
it had|a|value|real|and|in|consequence|they believed|that|to pursue it|it was|foolish|especially|if|to the
they had a real value and consequently believed that pursuing it was foolish, especially if by doing so
hacerlo perturbamos nuestra serenidad o nos vemos obligados a actuar de forma poco virtuosa, supongo
to do it|we disturb|our|serenity|or|ourselves|we see|obliged|to|to act|in|a way|not very|virtuous|I suppose
we disturb our serenity or are forced to act in a less virtuous way, I suppose
que esta indiferencia al éxito mundano les hará parecer desmotivados a los individuos modernos que,
that|this|indifference|to the|success|worldly|to them|it will make|to seem|unmotivated|to|the|individuals|modern|that
that this indifference to worldly success will make them seem unmotivated to modern individuals who,
pasan el día esforzándose por alcanzar, cierto grado de, fama y fortuna. Dicho esto, debo añadir
they spend|the|day|striving|to|to achieve|a certain|degree|of|fame|and|fortune|That|this|I must|to add
spend the day striving to achieve a certain degree of fame and fortune. That said, I must add
que aunque los estoicos no buscaban el éxito en el mundo, a menudo lo obtenían igualmente, de hecho,
that|although|the|Stoics|not|they sought|the|success|in|the|world|to|often|it|they obtained|equally|in|in fact
that although the Stoics did not seek success in the world, they often obtained it anyway, in fact,
los estoicos que hemos considerado habrían pasado por individuos de éxito en su época. Séneca y
the|stoics|that|we have|considered|they would have|passed|through|individuals|of|success|in|their|time|Seneca|and
the Stoics we have considered would have been successful individuals in their time. Seneca and
Marco Aurelio eran ricos y famosos, y Musonio y Epicteto, como líderes de escuelas populares,
Marcus|Aurelius|they were|rich|and|famous|and|Musonius|and|Epictetus|as|leaders|of|schools|popular
Marcus Aurelius were rich and famous, and Musonius and Epictetus, as leaders of popular schools,
disfrutaron de cierto renombre y, presumiblemente, eran económicamente acomodados. Por lo tanto,
they enjoyed|of|certain|renown|and|presumably|they were|economically|well-off|For|it|therefore
enjoyed some renown and, presumably, were financially comfortable. Therefore,
se encontraron en la curiosa posición de individuos que hallaron el éxito sin buscarlo.
themselves||in|the|curious|position|of|individuals|that|they found|the|success|without|seeking it
they found themselves in the curious position of individuals who found success without seeking it.
En los capítulos 14 y 15 examinaremos cómo gestionaron esta situación.
in|the|chapters|and|we will examine|how|they managed|this|situation
In chapters 14 and 15 we will examine how they managed this situation.
7. Autoprivación.
self-denial
7. Self-denial.
Gestionar el lado oscuro del placer.
to manage|the|side|dark|of the|pleasure
Managing the dark side of pleasure.
Practicar la visualización negativa es contemplar las cosas malas que pueden sucedernos. Séneca
to practice|the|visualization|negative|it is|to contemplate|the|things|bad|that|they can|happen to us|Seneca
Practicing negative visualization is contemplating the bad things that can happen to us. Seneca
recomienda una extensión de esta técnica, además de contemplar la posibilidad de que
it recommends|a|extension|of|this|technique|in addition|to|to contemplate|the|possibility|of|that
recommends an extension of this technique, in addition to contemplating the possibility that
acontezcan estas situaciones, a veces debemos vivir como si hubieran sucedido. En particular,
these situations happen|these|situations|to|sometimes|we must|to live|as|if|they had|happened|In|particular
these situations may occur, sometimes we must live as if they have happened. In particular,
en lugar de limitarnos a pensar qué pasaría si perdiéramos nuestra riqueza, periódicamente
in|place|of|to limit ourselves|to|to think|what|would happen|if|we lost|our|wealth|periodically
instead of limiting ourselves to thinking about what would happen if we lost our wealth, periodically
deberíamos practicar la pobreza, es decir, deberíamos contentarnos con los alimentos
we should|to practice|the|poverty|it is|to say|we should|to be content|with|the|food
we should practice poverty, that is, we should be content with the scarcest and cheapest food, and with coarse and poor clothing. 1. According to Seneca, Epicurus, a philosophical rival
más escasos y baratos, y con una vestimenta tosca y pobre.1. Según Séneca, Epicuro, un rival
more|scarce|and|cheap|and||||||poor|According to|Seneca|Epicurus|a|rival
of the Stoics, also practiced poverty, 2, however, his goal in doing so
filosófico de los estoicos, también practicaba la pobreza, 2, sin embargo, su objetivo al hacerlo
philosophical|of|the|Stoics|also|he practiced|the|poverty|without|however|his|objective|in|doing it
seems different from that of Seneca. While Seneca wanted to appreciate what he had, Epicurus intended to
parece distinto al de Séneca. Mientras Séneca quería apreciar lo que tenía, Epicuro pretendía
it seems|different|from|of|Seneca|While|Seneca|he wanted|to appreciate|what|that|he had|Epicurus|he intended
examinar lo que creía que necesitaba a fin de determinar de qué podía prescindir. Se dio cuenta
to examine|what|that|I believed|that|I needed|in|order|to|to determine|of|what|I could|to do without|It|it gave|account
to examine what he thought he needed in order to determine what he could do without. He realized
de que en muchos casos trabajamos duro para conseguir algo porque estamos convencidos de
that|in|many|cases|we|work|hard|to|achieve|something|because|we are|convinced|of
that in many cases we work hard to achieve something because we are convinced that
que seremos infelices sin ello. El problema es que podemos vivir perfectamente bien sin algunas de
that|we will be|unhappy|without|it|The|problem|it is|that|we can|to live|perfectly|well|without|some|of
we will be unhappy without it. The problem is that we can live perfectly well without some of
estas cosas, pero no sabremos cuáles son si no intentamos vivir sin ellas. Musonio lleva esta
these|things|but|not|we will know|which|they are|if|not|we try|to live|without|them|Musonius|he carries|this
these things, but we won't know which ones they are unless we try to live without them. Musonius takes this
técnica un paso más allá, cree que además de vivir como si esas desgracias hubieran sucedido,
technique|a|step|more|beyond|he/she believes|that|in addition|to|to live|as|if|those|misfortunes|they had|happened
technique a step further, he believes that in addition to living as if those misfortunes had happened,
a veces debemos provocarlas. En concreto, de vez en cuando hemos de obligarnos a experimentar una
sometimes|we|we must|to provoke them|In|concrete|of|time|in|when|we have|to|to force ourselves|to|to experience|one
sometimes we must provoke them. Specifically, from time to time we have to force ourselves to experience an
incomodidad que podríamos evitar con facilidad. Podemos hacerlo vistiendo ropa ligera o caminando
discomfort|that|we could|to avoid|with|ease|We can|to do it|by wearing|clothing|light|or|walking
inconvenience that we could easily avoid. We can do this by wearing light clothing or walking
descalzos cuando hace frío. O pasar hambre y sed, aunque la comida y la bebida estén a nuestro
barefoot|when|it is|cold|Or|to go through|hunger|and|thirst|although|the|food|and|the|drink|they are|at|our
barefoot when it's cold. Or going hungry and thirsty, even though food and drink are within our
alcance, y dormir en un lecho duro a pesar de disponer de uno mullido, 3. Muchos lectores
reach|and|to sleep|on|a|bed|hard|to|in spite|of|to have|of|one|soft|Many|readers
reach, and sleeping on a hard bed despite having a soft one, 3. Many modern readers
modernos llegarán a la conclusión de que el estoicismo implica cierto grado de masoquismo.
modern|they will arrive|at|the|conclusion|that|that|the|stoicism|it implies|a certain|degree|of|masochism
will come to the conclusion that stoicism implies a certain degree of masochism.
Sin embargo, deberían ser conscientes de que los estoicos no se flagelan. De hecho,
however|however|they should|to be|aware|of|that|the|stoics|not|themselves|they flagellate|In|fact
However, they should be aware that Stoics do not flagellate themselves. In fact,
las incomodidades a las que se someten son menores. Además, no se las infligen para
the|inconveniences|to|the|that|themselves|they submit|they are|lesser|Furthermore|not|themselves|them|they inflict|to
the discomforts they endure are minor. Moreover, they do not inflict them upon themselves to
castigarse a sí mismos, lo hacen para reforzar el placer de vivir. Y, por último, es erróneo decir
to punish themselves|to|themselves|themselves|it|they do|to|to reinforce|the|pleasure|of|living|And|for|finally|it is|erroneous|to say
punish themselves; they do it to reinforce the pleasure of living. And, finally, it is incorrect to say
que los estoicos se infligen a sí mismos estas incomodidades. Esto crea la imagen de alguien en
that|the|Stoics|themselves|they inflict|on|themselves|themselves|these|discomforts|This|it creates|the|image|of|someone|in
that Stoics inflict these discomforts upon themselves. This creates the image of someone in
conflicto consigo mismo, alguien que se obliga a hacer algo que no quiere hacer. Sin embargo,
conflict|with himself|himself|someone|that|himself/herself|he/she forces|to|to do|something|that|not|he/she wants|to do|Without|however
conflict with themselves, someone who forces themselves to do something they do not want to do. However,
los estoicos aceptaban cierto grado de incomodidad en su vida. Lo que los estoicos defienden se define
the|stoics|they accepted|a certain|degree|of|discomfort|in|their|life|What|that|the|stoics|they defend|itself|it defines
the Stoics accepted a certain degree of discomfort in their lives. What the Stoics advocate is defined
más apropiadamente como un programa de incomodidad voluntaria y no como un programa de incomodidad
more|appropriately|as|a|program|of|discomfort|voluntary|and|not|||||
more appropriately as a program of voluntary discomfort and not as a program of discomfort
autoinfligida. Incluso esta aclaración de la actitud de los estoicos hacia la incomodidad
self-inflicted|Even|this|clarification|of|the|attitude|of|the|Stoics|towards|the|discomfort
self-inflicted. Even this clarification of the Stoics' attitude towards discomfort
dejará perplejos a muchos lectores modernos. ¿Por qué deberíamos aceptar ni siquiera la
it will leave|perplexed|to|many|readers|modern|Why|what|we should|to accept|not|even|the
will leave many modern readers perplexed. Why should we accept even the
menor de las incomodidades cuando es posible disfrutar de una comodidad perfecta?, se
less|of|the|inconveniences|when|it is|possible|to enjoy|of|a|comfort|perfect|itself
slightest discomfort when it is possible to enjoy perfect comfort?,
preguntarán. En respuesta a esta pregunta, Musonio señala tres beneficios derivados de los actos de
they will ask|In|response|to|this|question|Musonius|he points out|three|benefits|derived|from|the|acts|of
they will ask. In response to this question, Musonius points out three benefits derived from acts of
incomodidad voluntaria. Para empezar, al realizar actos de incomodidad voluntaria, por ejemplo,
discomfort|voluntary|To|begin|when|performing|acts|of|discomfort|voluntary|for|example
voluntary discomfort. To begin with, by performing acts of voluntary discomfort, for example,
pasando frío y hambre cuando podríamos estar calentitos y bien alimentados, nos endurecemos
going through|cold|and|hunger|when|we could|to be|warm|and|well|fed|ourselves|we harden
experiencing cold and hunger when we could be warm and well-fed, we toughen ourselves
contra las desgracias que puedan acontecernos en el futuro. Si solo conocemos la comodidad,
against|the|misfortunes|that|they may|happen to us|in|the|future|If|only|we know|the|comfort
against the misfortunes that may happen to us in the future. If we only know comfort,
la experiencia del dolor y las molestias que algún día padeceremos nos traumatizarán.
the|experience|of|pain|and|the|discomforts|that|some|day|we will suffer|us|they will traumatize
the experience of pain and the discomforts that we will someday endure will traumatize us.
En otras palabras, la incomodidad voluntaria puede entenderse como una especie de vacuna. Si
in|other|words|the|discomfort|voluntary|it can|to be understood|as|a|kind|of|vaccine|If
In other words, voluntary discomfort can be understood as a kind of vaccine. If
ahora nos exponemos a una pequeña cantidad de virus debilitado, crearemos una inmunidad que
now|ourselves|we expose|to|a|small|amount|of|virus|weakened|we will create|an|immunity|that
we now expose ourselves to a small amount of weakened virus, we will create an immunity that
nos protegerá de una enfermedad incapacitante en el futuro. De forma alternativa, la incomodidad
us|it will protect|from|a|disease|disabling|in|the|future|In|way|alternative|the|discomfort
will protect us from a debilitating illness in the future. Alternatively, voluntary discomfort
voluntaria se puede concebir como una prima de seguros que, si se paga, nos permitirá recibir
voluntary|itself|it can|to conceive|as|an|premium|of|insurance|that|if|itself|it pays|us|it will allow|to receive
can be conceived as an insurance premium that, if paid, will allow us to receive
beneficios, si más tarde somos víctimas de una desgracia, la incomodidad que experimentamos será
benefits|if|later|we are|we are|victims|of|a|misfortune|the|discomfort|that|we experience|it will be
benefits if we later become victims of misfortune; the discomfort we experience will be
sustancialmente menor de lo que sería de otro modo. Un segundo beneficio de los actos de incomodidad
substantially|less|than|it|that|it would be|of|another|way|A|second|benefit|of|the|acts|of|discomfort
substantially less than it would otherwise be. A second benefit of acts of discomfort
voluntaria no tiene lugar en el futuro, sino inmediatamente. Una persona que experimenta
voluntary|not|it has|place|in|the|future|but|immediately|A|person|that|experiences
voluntarily does not take place in the future, but immediately. A person who experiences
periódicamente incomodidades menores confiará en soportar grandes incomodidades, por lo que
periodically|inconveniences|minor|it will trust|in|to endure|great|inconveniences|for|it|that
minor discomforts periodically will trust in enduring great discomforts, so the
la perspectiva de padecerlas en el futuro no constituirá una fuente de ansiedad para él.
the|perspective|of|to suffer them|in|the|future|not|it will constitute|a|source|of|anxiety|for|him
prospect of suffering them in the future will not be a source of anxiety for him.
Al experimentar incomodidades menores se entrena, según Musonio, en ser valiente. Cuatro, por el
in|experiencing|discomforts|minor|oneself|it trains|according to|Musonius|in|to be|brave|Four|for|the
By experiencing minor discomforts, he trains, according to Musonius, to be brave. Four, for the
contrario, la persona ajena a la incomodidad, quien nunca ha padecido hambre o frío, puede temer la
contrary|the|person|foreign|to|the|discomfort|who|never|has|suffered|hunger|or|cold|it can|to fear|the
On the contrary, a person who is unfamiliar with discomfort, who has never suffered from hunger or cold, may fear the
posibilidad de sufrirlos algún día. Aunque ahora vive con una comodidad física, probablemente
possibility|of|to suffer them|some|day|Although|now|he/she lives|with|a|comfort|physical|probably
possibility of experiencing them one day. Although they now live in physical comfort, they will likely
experimentará un malestar mental, es decir, una ansiedad respecto a lo que el futuro le depara.
he/she will experience|a|discomfort|mental|it is|to say|a|anxiety|regarding|to|what|that|the|future|to him/her|it holds
experience mental discomfort, that is, anxiety about what the future holds for them.
Un tercer beneficio de asumir actos de incomodidad voluntaria es que nos ayuda a apreciar lo que ya
a|third|benefit|of|to assume|acts|of|discomfort|voluntary|it is|that|us|it helps|to|to appreciate|what||already
A third benefit of undertaking acts of voluntary discomfort is that it helps us appreciate what we already
tenemos. En particular, al provocarnos situaciones de incomodidad deliberadamente,
we have|In|particular|to|provoke us|situations|of|discomfort|deliberately
have. In particular, by deliberately provoking ourselves into situations of discomfort,
apreciaremos mejor nuestras comodidades. Evidentemente, es bueno estar en una habitación
we will appreciate|better|our|comforts|Evidently|it is|good|to be|in|a|room
we will better appreciate our comforts. Obviously, it is good to be in a room
cálida cuando fuera hace frío y arrecia la tormenta, pero para disfrutar realmente del
warm|when|outside|it is|cold|and|it intensifies|the|storm|but|to|to enjoy|really|of the
warm when it is cold outside and the storm is raging, but to truly enjoy the
calor y de la sensación de cobijo, debemos ir fuera un rato y luego regresar. De un modo análogo,
heat|and|of|the|sensation|of|shelter|we must|to go|outside|a|while|and|then|to return|In|a|way|analogous
warmth and the feeling of shelter, we must go outside for a while and then return. In a similar way,
podemos, como observaba Diógenes, mejorar en gran medida nuestro aprecio de cualquier comida
we can|as|Diogenes observed|Diogenes|to improve|in|great|measure|our|appreciation|of|any|food
as Diogenes observed, we can greatly enhance our appreciation of any food
esperando a estar hambrientos antes de tomarla, mejorar nuestro aprecio de cualquier bebida si
waiting|to|to be|hungry|before|of|drinking it|to improve|our|appreciation|of|any|drink|if
by waiting to be hungry before eating it, and improve our appreciation of any drink if
esperamos a tener sed antes de ingerirla. Es instructivo comparar el consejo de asumir
we wait|to|to have|thirst|before|to|to ingest it|It is|instructive|to compare|the|advice|to|to assume
we wait to be thirsty before drinking it. It is instructive to compare the advice of taking on
periódicamente actos de incomodidad voluntaria con el consejo ofrecido por un hedonista no
periodically|acts|of|discomfort|voluntary|with|the|advice|offered|by|a|hedonist|not
periodic acts of voluntary discomfort with the advice offered by an unenlightened hedonist.
iluminado. Esta persona nos sugerirá que la mejor manera de maximizar la comodidad
illuminated|this|person|to us|he/she will suggest|that|the|best|way|to|to maximize|the|comfort
This person will suggest that the best way to maximize the comfort
que experimentamos es evitar las molestias a cualquier precio. Por el contrario, Musonio
that|we experience|it is|to avoid|the|inconveniences|to|any|cost|For|the|contrary|Musonius
we experience is to avoid discomfort at all costs. In contrast, Musonius
replicaría que quien intenta evitar toda molestia tiene menos probabilidades de estar
I would reply|that|whoever|tries|to avoid|all|annoyance|he/she has|less|chances|of|to be
would reply that those who try to avoid all discomfort are less likely to be
cómodo que quien de forma periódica acepta ciertas molestias. Este último individuo
comfortable|that|who|in|way|periodic|he/she accepts|certain|inconveniences|This|last|individual
comfortable than someone who periodically accepts certain discomforts. This latter individual
probablemente tenga una zona de confort más amplia que el primero, y por lo tanto se sentirá cómodo
probably|I have|a|zone|of|comfort|more|wide|than|the|first|and|for|it|therefore|himself/herself|he/she will feel|comfortable
is likely to have a wider comfort zone than the first, and therefore will feel comfortable
en circunstancias que al otro le resultarían sumamente perturbadoras. Una cosa sería avanzar
in|circumstances|that|to the|other|him/her|they would result|extremely|disturbing|One|thing|it would be|to advance
in circumstances that would be extremely disturbing to the other. One thing would be to advance
para asegurarnos de que jamás experimentaremos incomodidad alguna, pero como esto no es posible,
to|ensure ourselves|that|that|ever|we will experience|discomfort|any|but|as|this|not|it is|possible
to ensure that we will never experience any discomfort, but since this is not possible,
la estrategia de evitar las molestias a cualquier precio es contraproducente. Además de practicar,
the|strategy|of|to avoid|the|inconveniences|at|any|cost|it is|counterproductive|In addition|to|to practice
the strategy of avoiding discomfort at all costs is counterproductive. In addition to practicing,
de cuando en cuando, actos de incomodidad voluntaria, en opinión de los estoicos
from|time|in|when|acts|of|discomfort|voluntary|in|opinion|of|the|Stoics
from time to time, acts of voluntary discomfort, in the opinion of the Stoics
deberíamos renunciar periódicamente a la oportunidad de experimentar placer. Esto es
we should|to renounce|periodically|to|the|opportunity|to|to experience|pleasure|This|it is
we should periodically renounce the opportunity to experience pleasure. This is
así porque el placer tiene un lado oscuro. De hecho, Seneca advierte de que es como perseguir
like this|because|the|pleasure|it has|a|side|dark|Of|fact|Seneca|he warns|that|that|it is|like|to pursue
so because pleasure has a dark side. In fact, Seneca warns that it is like chasing
a un animal salvaje, si lo capturamos, puede volverse contra nosotros y hacernos pedazos.
to|a|animal|wild|if|it|we capture|it can|to turn|against|us|and|to make us|pieces
a wild animal; if we capture it, it may turn against us and tear us apart.
Ahora bien, alterando un poco la metáfora, nos dice que, al atraparlos, los placeres intensos
now|well|altering|a|little|the|metaphor|to us|it says|that|upon|catching them|the|pleasures|intense
Now, slightly altering the metaphor, he tells us that by catching them, intense pleasures
se convierten en nuestros captores, lo que quiere decir que cuantos más placeres alcanza un hombre,
they|they become|into|our|captors|it|that|it wants|to say|that|how many|more|pleasures|he/she/it reaches|a|man
they become our captors, which means that the more pleasures a man attains,
tendrá más amos a los que servir, punto, 5. Al desconfiar del placer, los estoicos revelan
it will have|more|masters|to|the|that|to serve|period|Upon|doubting|the|pleasure|the|stoics|they reveal
the more masters he will have to serve, period, 5. By distrusting pleasure, the Stoics reveal
su linaje cínico. Así pues, el filósofo cínico Diógenes afirma que la batalla más importante
his|lineage|cynical|Thus|therefore|the|philosopher|cynical|Diogenes|he affirms|that|the|battle|most|important
their cynical lineage. Thus, the cynical philosopher Diogenes asserts that the most important battle
que cualquier persona tiene que librar es contra su placer. La batalla es especialmente difícil de
that|any|person|he/she has|to|to fight|it is|against|their|pleasure|The|battle|it is|especially|difficult|to
that any person has to fight is against their pleasure. The battle is especially difficult to
ganar porque el placer, no usa la fuerza explícita, sino que engaña e invoca un hechizo de narcóticos
to win|because|the|pleasure|not|it uses|the|force|explicit|but|that|it deceives|and|it invokes|a|spell|of|narcotics
win because pleasure does not use explicit force, but rather deceives and invokes a narcotic spell.
nefastos, tal como Homero dice que Circe drogó a los compañeros de Odiseo. El placer, advierte,
nefarious|such|as|Homer|he says|that|Circe|she drugged|to|the|companions|of|Odysseus|The|pleasure|he warns
nefarious, just as Homer says that Circe drugged Odysseus's companions. Pleasure, he warns,
no hurde una única estrategia, sino muchas, y pretende anular a los hombres a través de la
not|it weaves|a|unique|strategy|but|many|and|it intends|to nullify|to|the|men|to|through|of|the
does not hide a single strategy, but many, and aims to nullify men through
vista, el sonido, el olor, el gusto y el tacto, también con alimentos, bebidas y lujuria carnal,
sight|the|sound|the|smell|the|taste|and|the|touch|also|with|foods|drinks|and|lust|carnal
sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch, also with food, drinks, and carnal lust,
tentando tanto a los despiertos como a los dormidos. Y el placer, con un golpe de varita,
tempting|both|to|the|awake|as|to|the|asleep|And|the|pleasure|with|a|blow|of|wand
tempting both the awake and the asleep. And pleasure, with a wave of a wand,
conduce hábilmente a su víctima a un chiquero y la encierra en él, y en adelante el hombre se
he/she drives|skillfully|to|his/her|victim|to|a|pigsty|and|her|he/she locks|in|it|and|in|henceforth|the|man|himself/herself
skillfully leads its victim to a pigsty and locks them in it, and from then on the man is
convierte en un cerdo o en un lobo, punto, 6. Los estoicos afirman que hay placeres de los
convert|into|a|pig|or|into|a|wolf|period|The|Stoics|they affirm|that|there are|pleasures|of|the
turns into a pig or a wolf, period, 6. The Stoics claim that there are pleasures from which
que deberíamos abstenernos siempre. En particular, deberíamos renunciar a los
that|we should|abstain ourselves|always|In|particular|we should|renounce|to|the
we should always abstain. In particular, we should renounce the
placeres que pueden generar dependencia, si la metanfetamina hubiera existido en el mundo antiguo,
pleasures|that|they can|to generate|dependence|if|the|methamphetamine|it had|existed|in|the|world|ancient
pleasures that can generate dependence; if methamphetamine had existed in the ancient world,
sin duda los estoicos habrían aconsejado no consumirla, sin embargo, es significativo que
without|doubt|the|Stoics|they would|advised|not|to consume it|without|however|it is|significant|that
the Stoics would undoubtedly have advised against consuming it. However, it is significant that
la desconfianza de los estoicos hacia el placer no acaba aquí. También nos aconsejan abstenernos
the|distrust|of|the|Stoics|towards|the|pleasure|not|it ends|here|Also|us|they advise|to abstain ourselves
the Stoics' distrust of pleasure does not end here. They also advise us to abstain from
de otros placeres, relativamente inofensivos. Por ejemplo, renunciar a tomar una copa de vino,
of|other|pleasures|relatively|harmless|For|example|to renounce|to|to drink|a|glass|of|wine
of other relatively harmless pleasures. For example, giving up having a glass of wine,
no por temor a convertirnos en alcohólicos sino para aprender el autocontrol. Para los estoicos,
not|for|fear|to|to become|into|alcoholics|but|to|to learn|the|self-control|For|the|Stoics
not out of fear of becoming alcoholics but to learn self-control. For the Stoics,
y, en realidad, para todo aquel que intente practicar una filosofía de vida, el autocontrol
and|in|reality|for|all|anyone|who|he/she attempts|to practice|a|philosophy|of|life|the|self-control
and, in fact, for anyone trying to practice a philosophy of life, self-control
será un rasgo importante que hay que adquirir. Después de todo, si carecemos de autocontrol,
it will be|an|trait|important|that|there is|that|to acquire|After|of|all|if|we lack|of|self-control
will be an important trait to acquire. After all, if we lack self-control,
probablemente nos distraerán los diversos placeres que la vida tiene que ofrecer, y en este estado de
probably|us|they will distract|the|various|pleasures|that|the|life|it has|to|to offer|and|in|this|state|of
we will likely be distracted by the various pleasures that life has to offer, and in this state of
distracción es poco probable que alcancemos los objetivos de nuestra filosofía de vida.
distraction|it is|unlikely|probable|that|we reach|the|goals|of|our|philosophy|of|life
distraction is unlikely to achieve the goals of our philosophy of life.
Más generalmente, si no podemos resistirnos a los placeres, acabaremos interpretando,
more|generally|if|not|we can|to resist ourselves|to|the|pleasures|we will end|interpreting
More generally, if we cannot resist pleasures, we will end up interpreting,
afirma Marco Aurelio, el papel del esclavo, contrayéndose como una marioneta ante los
he affirms|Marcus|Aurelius|the|role|of the|slave|contracting|like|a|puppet|before|the
says Marcus Aurelius, the role of the slave, contracting like a puppet before the
impulsos egoístas, y nos pasaremos la vida, quejándonos por el presente y lamentando el
impulses|selfish|and|ourselves|we will spend|the|life|complaining|about|the|present|and|lamenting|
selfish impulses, and we will spend our lives complaining about the present and lamenting the
porvenir. Para evitar este destino, hemos de procurar que dolores y placeres no obnubilen
future|To|to avoid|this|destiny|we have|to|to ensure|that|pains|and|pleasures|not|they cloud
future. To avoid this fate, we must ensure that pains and pleasures do not cloud
nuestra capacidad racional. Como señala Marco Aurelio, hemos de aprender a resistir los murmullos
our|capacity|rational|As|Marcus|Aurelius||we have|to|to learn|to|to resist|the|murmurs
our rational capacity. As Marcus Aurelius points out, we must learn to resist the murmurs
de la carne, punto 7. Así pues, en sus asuntos cotidianos, el estoico, además de elegir hacer
of|the|meat|point|Thus|therefore|in|his|matters|daily|the|stoic|besides|of|to choose|to do
of the flesh, point 7. Thus, in their daily affairs, the stoic, besides choosing to do
cosas que le hacen sentir mal, como vestir ropas ligeras cuando hace frío, a veces decide no hacer
things|that|to him/her|they make|to feel|bad|like|to wear|clothes|light|when|it is|cold|sometimes|times|he/she decides|not|to do
things that make them feel bad, like wearing light clothing when it is cold, sometimes decides not to do
cosas que le hacen sentir bien, como tomar un cuenco de helado. Esto suena como si los estoicos
things|that|to him/her|they make|to feel|good|like|to have|a|bowl|of|ice cream|This|it sounds|like|if|the|Stoics
things that make them feel good, like having a bowl of ice cream. This sounds as if the stoics
fueran contrarios al placer, pero no lo son. Por ejemplo, los estoicos no ven nada malo en
they were|contrary|to|pleasure|but|not|it|they are|For|example|the|Stoics|not|they see|anything|wrong|in
were opposed to pleasure, but they are not. For example, the stoics see nothing wrong in
los placeres derivados de la amistad, la vida familiar, la comida o incluso la riqueza, pero
the|pleasures|derived|from|the|friendship|the|life|family|the|food|or|even|the|wealth|but
the pleasures derived from friendship, family life, food, or even wealth, but
aconsejan moderación en su disfrute. Después de todo, hay una línea muy fina entre disfrutar de
they advise|moderation|in|its|enjoyment|After|of|all|there is|a|line|very|fine|between|enjoying|
they advise moderation in their enjoyment. After all, there is a very fine line between enjoying
una comida y caer en la brotonería. También existe el peligro de aferrarnos a aquello que disfrutamos.
a|meal|and|to fall|into|the|brotonería|Also|there exists|the|danger|of|to cling|to|that|that|we enjoy
a meal and falling into gluttony. There is also the danger of clinging to what we enjoy.
En consecuencia, aun cuando disfrutemos de cosas agradables, debemos seguir el consejo de Epicteto
in|consequence|even|when|we enjoy|of|things|pleasant|we must|to follow|the|advice|of|Epictetus
Consequently, even when we enjoy pleasant things, we must follow the advice of Epictetus
y estar en guardia, 8. Es entonces cuando, según Séneca, un sabio estoico explica la diferencia
and|to be|in|guard|It is|then|when|according to|Seneca|a|wise|stoic|he explains|the|difference
and be on guard. It is then that, according to Seneca, a wise Stoic explains the difference
con la que el estoico asume el placer en relación con una persona normal, ahí donde el individuo
with|the|that|the|stoic|he/she assumes|the|pleasure|in|relation|with|a|person|normal|there|where|the|individual
with which the stoic assumes pleasure in relation to a normal person, where the individual
convencional se entrega el placer, el estoico lo encadena, ahí donde la persona común cree que el
conventional|itself|it delivers|the|pleasure|the|stoic|it|it chains|there|where|the|person|common|it believes|that|the
conventional indulges in pleasure, the stoic chains it, where the common person believes that the
placer es el bien más alto, el sabio ni siquiera piensa que sea un bien, y ahí donde el común de
pleasure|it is|the|good|highest|high|the|wise|not|even|he/she thinks|that|it be|a|good|and|there|where|the|common|of
pleasure is the highest good, the wise person does not even think it is a good, and where the common
los mortales hace cualquier cosa en busca del placer, el sabio no hace nada, 9. De las técnicas
the|mortals|he/she does|anything|thing|in|search|for the|pleasure|the|wise|not|he/she does|anything|Of|the|techniques
mortals do anything in search of pleasure, the wise person does nothing, 9. Of the stoic techniques
estoicas que he analizado en la segunda parte de este libro, la técnica de la autoprivación es la
stoic|that|I have|analyzed|in|the|second|part|of|this|book|the|technique|of|the|self-deprivation|it is|
that I have analyzed in the second part of this book, the technique of self-denial is the
más difícil de practicar. Por ejemplo, en virtud de su práctica de la pobreza, para un estoico no
more|difficult|to|practice|For|example|in|virtue|of|his/her|practice|of|the|poverty|for|a|stoic|not
more difficult to practice. For example, by virtue of their practice of poverty, for a Stoic it will not
será divertido ir en autobús cuando podría conducir su coche. No será divertido salir a una
it will be|fun|to go|by|bus|when|I could|to drive|your|car|Not|it will be|fun|to go out|to|a
be fun to take the bus when they could drive their car. It will not be fun to go out in a
tormenta invernal con una ligera chaqueta para sentir la incomodidad del frío. Y ciertamente
storm|winter|with|a|light|jacket|to|to feel|the|discomfort|of the|cold|And|certainly
winter storm with a light jacket to feel the discomfort of the cold. And certainly
no le resultará divertido negarse a tomar el helado que alguien le ofrece, diciendo que no se
not|to him/her|it will be|fun|to refuse|to|to take|the|ice cream|that|someone|to him/her|offers|saying|that|no|itself
it will not be fun for them to refuse to take the ice cream that someone offers them, saying that they do not
niega a tomarlo por estar a dieta, sino para practicar el rechazo a algo que podría disfrutar.
he/she denies|to|taking it|for|being|on|diet|but|to|to practice|the|rejection|to|something|that|he/she could|to enjoy
refuse to take it because they are on a diet, but to practice rejecting something they might enjoy.
De hecho, un estoico inexperto tendrá que concentrar toda su voluntad para hacer estas
in|fact|a|stoic|inexperienced|he/she will have|to|to concentrate|all|his/her|will|to|to do|these
In fact, an inexperienced stoic will have to concentrate all their will to do these
cosas. Sin embargo, los estoicos han descubierto que la voluntad es como un músculo, cuanto más
things|without|however|the|stoics|they have|discovered|that|the|will|it is|like|a|muscle|the more|
things. However, stoics have discovered that willpower is like a muscle; the more
se ejercitan los músculos, más fuertes se hacen, y cuanto más ejercitan su voluntad, más poderosa
themselves|they exercise|the|muscles|more|strong|themselves|they become|and|the more|more|they exercise|their|will|more|powerful
the muscles are exercised, the stronger they become, and the more they exercise their will, the more powerful
se torna. De hecho, si se practican las técnicas de autoprivación estoica durante un largo periodo,
itself|it becomes|In|fact|if|themselves|they practice|the|techniques|of|self-denial|stoic|for|a|long|period
it becomes. In fact, if the techniques of stoic self-denial are practiced for a long period,
los estoicos pueden transformarse a sí mismos en individuos notables por su valor y autocontrol.
the|stoics|they can|to transform themselves|into|themselves|themselves|into|individuals|remarkable|for|their|courage|and|self-control
stoics can transform themselves into remarkable individuals for their courage and self-control.
Serán capaces de hacer cosas que los demás temen y abstenerse de otras que los demás no
they will be|capable|of|doing|things|that|the|others|they fear|and|to abstain|from|others|that|the|others|not
They will be able to do things that others fear and refrain from others that others cannot avoid doing.
pueden evitar hacer. Como resultado, ejercerán un pleno control sobre sí mismos. Este autocontrol
they can|to avoid|doing|As|a result|they will exercise|a|full|control|over|themselves|themselves|This|self-control
As a result, they will exercise full control over themselves. This self-control
reforzará sus posibilidades de alcanzar los objetivos de su filosofía de vida, y a su vez
it will strengthen|its|possibilities|to|to achieve|the|goals|of|its|philosophy|of|life|and|to|its|in turn
will reinforce their chances of achieving the goals of their life philosophy, and in turn
esto aumenta en gran medida sus oportunidades de vivir una buena vida. Los estoicos serán los
this|it increases|in|great|measure|their|opportunities|to|to live|a|good|life|The|Stoics|they will be|the
this greatly increases their opportunities to live a good life. Stoics will be the
primeros en admitir que ejercer el autocontrol exige esfuerzo. Tras admitir esto, sin embargo,
the first|to|to admit|that|to exercise|the|self-control|it requires|effort|After|admitting|this|without|however
first to admit that exercising self-control requires effort. After admitting this, however,
señalarán que no ejercer ningún autocontrol en absoluto también exige esfuerzo, pensemos,
they will point out|that|not|to exercise|any|self-control|in|absolute|also|it requires|effort|let's think
they will point out that not exercising any self-control at all also requires effort, let's think,
dice Musonio, en todo el tiempo y la energía que la gente invierte en cuestiones amorosas ilícitas
says|Musonius|in|all|the|time|and|the|energy|that|the|people|they invest|in|matters|romantic|illicit
Musonius says, about all the time and energy that people invest in illicit love affairs
que no habría iniciado si gozara de autocontrol, 10, en el mismo sentido, Séneca observa que,
that|not|it would have|begun|if|I enjoyed|of|self-control|in|the|same|sense|Seneca|he observes|that
that they would not have started if they enjoyed self-control, 10, in the same sense, Seneca observes that,
que la castidad viene con tiempo libre, la lastivia nunca tiene tiempo, punto, 11.
that|the|chastity|it comes|with|time|free|the|lust|never|it has|time|period
chastity comes with free time, lust never has time, period, 11.
Los estoicos señalarán que ejercitar el autocontrol presenta ciertos beneficios que
the|stoics|they will point out|that|to exercise|the|self-control|it presents|certain|benefits|that
The Stoics will point out that exercising self-control presents certain benefits that
no siempre son obvios. En particular, por extraño que pueda parecer, abstenerse
not|always|they are|obvious|In|particular|for|strange|that|it may|to seem|to abstain
are not always obvious. In particular, however strange it may seem, refraining
conscientemente del placer puede ser muy placentero. Supongamos, por ejemplo,
consciously|of|pleasure|it can|to be|very|pleasurable|Let's suppose|for|example
consciously from pleasure can be very pleasurable. Let's suppose, for example,
que mientras hacemos dieta sentimos el deseo de comer un helado que tenemos en el congelador.
that|while|we do|diet|we feel|the|desire|to|to eat|an|ice cream|that|we have|in|the|freezer
that while we are on a diet we feel the desire to eat an ice cream that we have in the freezer.
Si lo comemos, experimentaremos cierto placer gastronómico, junto a cierto remordimiento por
if|it|we eat|we will experience|certain|pleasure|gastronomic|along|with|certain|remorse|for
If we eat it, we will experience some gastronomic pleasure, along with some remorse for
haberlo comido. Si nos abstenemos, sin embargo, nos privaremos del placer gastronómico pero
to have it|eaten|If|ourselves|we abstain|without|however|ourselves|we will deprive|of the|pleasure|gastronomic|but
having eaten it. If we refrain, however, we will deprive ourselves of the gastronomic pleasure but
experimentaremos un placer de un tipo diferente, como observa Epicteto, te sentirás, complacido y
we will experience|a|pleasure|of|a|type|different|as|he observes|Epictetus|you|you will feel|pleased|and
we will experience a pleasure of a different kind, as Epictetus observes, you will feel pleased and
te elogiarás, por no haberlo comido, 12. Sin duda, este último placer es completamente
yourself|you will praise|for|not|having it|eaten|Without|doubt|this|last|pleasure|it is|completely
you will praise yourself for not having eaten it, 12. Undoubtedly, this last pleasure is completely
diferente al placer que deriva de comer helado, y sin embargo se trata de un placer genuino.
different|to|pleasure|that|it derives|from|eating|ice cream|and|without|however|itself|it is|of|a|pleasure|genuine
different from the pleasure that comes from eating ice cream, and yet it is a genuine pleasure.
Además, si nos detenemos a elaborar un cuidadoso análisis de costes y beneficios antes de comer el
in addition|if|ourselves|we stop|to|to elaborate|a|careful|analysis|of|costs|and|benefits|before|of|eating|it
Furthermore, if we take the time to carefully analyze the costs and benefits before eating the
helado, si sopesamos los costes y beneficios de tomar el helado y de no tomarlo, descubriremos
ice cream|if|we weigh|the|costs|and|benefits|of|to take|the|ice cream|and|of|not|to take it|we will discover
ice cream, if we weigh the costs and benefits of having the ice cream and not having it, we will discover
que, si queremos maximizar nuestro placer, nos conviene no tomarlo. Epicteto nos aconseja
that|if|we want|to maximize|our|pleasure|ourselves|it is advisable|not|to take it|Epictetus|us|he advises
that, if we want to maximize our pleasure, it is advisable not to take it. Epictetus advises us
practicar este tipo de análisis cuando consideremos aprovechar o no una oportunidad, para el placer,
to practice|this|type|of|analysis|when|we consider|to take advantage|or|not|an|opportunity|for|the|pleasure
to practice this type of analysis when we consider whether to take advantage of an opportunity for pleasure,
13. En un tono similar, supongamos que seguimos el consejo estoico para simplificar nuestra dieta.
in|a|tone|similar|let us suppose|that|we follow|the|advice|stoic|to|to simplify|our|diet
13. In a similar tone, let us suppose that we follow the Stoic advice to simplify our diet.
Descubriremos que esa dieta, aunque carente de diversos placeres gastronómicos, es la fuente
we will discover|that|that|diet|although|lacking|of|various|pleasures|gastronomic|it is|the|source
We will discover that this diet, although lacking various gastronomic pleasures, is the source
de un placer de naturaleza completamente diferente, el agua, la cebada y las cortezas de pan de cebada,
of|a|pleasure|of|nature|completely|different|the|water|the|barley|and|the|crusts|of|bread|of|barley
of a completely different kind of pleasure, water, barley, and barley bread crusts,
nos dice Seneca, no son una dieta alegre, sin embargo, obtener placer de este tipo de alimentos
to us|he says|Seneca|not|they are|a|diet|joyful|without|however|to obtain|pleasure|from|this|type|of|foods
Seneca tells us, they are not a joyful diet, however, obtaining pleasure from this type of food
es el placer más elevado, punto, 14. Dejemos que los estoicos expliquen que el acto de renunciar
it is|the|pleasure|more|elevated|point|Let us|that|the|Stoics|they explain|that|the|act|of|to renounce
is the highest pleasure, period, 14. Let the Stoics explain that the act of renouncing
al placer es en sí mismo placentero. Como he dicho, fueron algunos de los psicólogos más
to|pleasure|it is|in|itself|itself|pleasurable|As|I|said|they were|some|of|the|psychologists|most
pleasure is in itself pleasurable. As I have said, they were some of the most
penetrantes de su tiempo, 8. Meditación. Observarnos practicar el estoicismo. Para
penetrating|of|their|time|Meditation|To observe ourselves|to practice|the|stoicism|To
insightful psychologists of their time, 8. Meditation. Observing ourselves practicing Stoicism. To
ayudarnos a avanzar en nuestra práctica del estoicismo, Seneca aconseja meditar periódicamente
to help us|to|to advance|in|our|practice|of|stoicism|Seneca|he advises|to meditate|periodically
help us advance in our practice of Stoicism, Seneca advises to meditate periodically.
en los acontecimientos de la vida cotidiana, cómo hemos respondido a ellos y cómo deberíamos haber
in|the|events|of|the|life|everyday|how|we have|responded|to|them|and|how|we should|have
in the events of daily life, how we have responded to them and how we should have
respondido según los principios estoicos. Atribuye esta técnica a su maestro Sexto,
answered|according to|the|principles|stoic|He attributes|this|technique|to|his|master|Sextus
responded according to Stoic principles. He attributes this technique to his teacher Sextus,
que, al acostarse, se preguntaba a sí mismo, ¿qué dolencia tuya has curado hoy? ¿Qué defecto has
that|upon|going to bed|himself|he was asking|to|himself|himself|what|ailment|of yours|you have|cured|today|What|defect|you have
who, when going to bed, would ask himself, what ailment of yours have you cured today? What defect have you
evitado? ¿En qué sentido has mejorado? 1. Seneca describe para sus lectores una de sus
avoided|in|what|sense|you have|improved|Seneca|he describes|for|his|readers|one|of|his
avoided? In what way have you improved? 1. Seneca describes for his readers one of his
propias meditaciones al acabar el día y ofrece una lista del tipo de acontecimientos sobre los
own|meditations|at|the end|the|day|and|it offers|a|list|of the|type|of|events|about|the
own meditations at the end of the day and offers a list of the types of events about which
que reflexiona, junto a las conclusiones que extrae de su respuesta a esos acontecimientos.
that|he/she reflects|together|to|the|conclusions|that|he/she extracts|from|his/her|response|to|those|events
that reflects, along with the conclusions drawn from his response to those events.
Seneca fue demasiado agresivo al amonestar a alguien, en consecuencia, en lugar de corregir
Seneca|he was|too|aggressive|to|admonish|to|someone|in|consequence|in|instead|of|to correct
Seneca was too aggressive in admonishing someone, consequently, instead of correcting
a esa persona, la admonición solo sirvió para irritarla. El consejo que se da a sí mismo,
to|that|person|the|admonition|only|it served|to|to irritate her|The|advice|that|himself/herself|he/she gives|to|himself/herself|itself
that person, the admonition only served to irritate them. The advice given to oneself,
a la hora de contemplar la posibilidad de criticar a alguien, ha de considerar no
at|the|hour|of|to contemplate|the|possibility|of|to criticize|to|someone|he/she has|to|to consider|not
when contemplating the possibility of criticizing someone, must consider not
solo si la crítica es válida sino también si la persona puede soportar ser criticada.
only|if|the|criticism|it is|valid|but|also|if|the|person|they can|to endure|being|criticized
only if the criticism is valid but also if the person can bear being criticized.
Añade que cuanto peor es un hombre, menos probabilidades tiene de aceptar la crítica
add|that|the|worse|he is|a|man|less|chances|he has|to|to accept|the|criticism
Add that the worse a man is, the less likely he is to accept constructive criticism.
constructiva. En una fiesta, la gente bromeaba a costa de Seneca y este, en lugar de hacer caso
constructive|at|a|party|the|people|joked|at|expense|of|Seneca|and|he|in|instead|of|to make|attention
At a party, people were joking at Seneca's expense and he, instead of ignoring it,
omiso, se lo tomó a pecho. Su consejo a sí mismo, aléjate de las malas compañías. En un banquete,
he omitted|himself|it|he took|to|heart|his|advice|to|himself|itself|stay away|from|the|bad|company|In|a|banquet
took it to heart. His advice to himself was to stay away from bad company. At a banquet,
no sentaron a Seneca en el lugar de honor que creía que le correspondía. En consecuencia,
not|they seated|to|Seneca|in|the|place|of|honor|that|he believed|that|to him|it corresponded|In|consequence
they did not seat Seneca in the place of honor that he believed he deserved. Consequently,
pasó la velada irritado con quienes habían distribuido los asientos y envidioso de quienes
he spent|the|evening|irritated|with|those who|they had|distributed|the|seats|and|envious|of|those who
he spent the evening irritated with those who had arranged the seating and envious of those.
estaban mejor situados que él. Sus palabras respecto su conducta, lunático, que importa en
they were|better|situated|than|he|His|words|regarding|his|behavior|lunatic|that|it matters|in
they were better situated than he was. His words regarding his behavior, lunatic, what does it matter in
qué parte del diván apoyas tu peso?, llega a sus oídos que alguien habla mal de sus escritos y
what|part|of the|couch|you support|your|weight|it reaches|to|his|ears|that|someone|speaks|badly|about|his|writings|and
which part of the couch you rest your weight?, reaches his ears that someone is speaking ill of his writings and
empieza a tratar a este crítico como a un enemigo. Pero a continuación empieza a pensar en todos los
he/she begins|to|to treat|to|this|critic|as|to|an|enemy|But|to|next|he/she begins|to|to think|about|all|the
he begins to treat this critic as an enemy. But then he starts to think about all the
autores cuya obra él mismo ha criticado. ¿Quiere que todos piensen en el cómo en un enemigo?
authors|whose|work|he|himself|he has|criticized|Does he want|that|everyone|they think|of|him|how|into|a|enemy
authors whose work he himself has criticized. Does he want everyone to think of him as an enemy?
Ciertamente, no. Conclusión de Seneca, si vas a publicar, tienes que estar dispuesto a tolerar la
certainly|no|conclusion|of|Seneca|if|you go|to|to publish|you have|to|to be|willing|to|to tolerate|the
Certainly not. Conclusion from Seneca, if you are going to publish, you have to be willing to tolerate the
crítica. 2. Al leer sobre estos y otros fastidios enumerados por Seneca, nos sorprende comprobar
criticism|upon|reading|about|these|and|other|annoyances|enumerated|by|Seneca|us|it surprises|to verify
criticism. 2. When reading about these and other annoyances listed by Seneca, we are surprised to find
lo poco que ha cambiado la naturaleza humana en los últimos dos milenios. La meditación al
the|little|that|it has|changed|the|nature|human|in|the|last|two|millennia|The|meditation|to the
how little human nature has changed in the last two millennia. The meditation before
acostarse que Seneca recomienda es, por supuesto, completamente diferente a la de, por ejemplo,
to lie down|that|Seneca|he recommends|it is|for|of course|completely|different|to|the|of|for|example
going to bed that Seneca recommends is, of course, completely different from that of, for example,
un budista Zen. Durante su meditación, un practicante del Zen se sienta horas y horas con
a|Buddhist|Zen|During|his|meditation|a|practitioner|of the|Zen|himself|he sits|hours|and|hours|with
a Zen Buddhist. During their meditation, a Zen practitioner sits for hours and hours with
la mente tan vacía como sea posible. En cambio, la mente de un estoico estará muy activa durante la
the|mind|as|empty|as|it is|possible|In|instead|the|mind|of|a|stoic|it will be|very|active|during|the
the mind as empty as possible. In contrast, the mind of a Stoic will be very active during the
meditación al acostarse. Pensará en los acontecimientos del día. ¿Hay algo que haya
meditation|at|bedtime|He/She will think|about|the|events|of the|day|Is there|anything|that|there
meditation before going to bed. You will think about the events of the day. Is there anything that has
perturbado su serenidad? ¿Ha experimentado ira? ¿Envidia? ¿Codicia? ¿Por qué le han irritado
disturbed|his/her|serenity|Have|you experienced|anger|Envy|Greed|Why|what|you|they|irritated
disturbed your serenity? Have you experienced anger? Envy? Greed? Why have the events of the day irritated you?
los eventos del día? ¿Podría haber hecho algo para evitar esa irritación? Epicteto lleva el
the|events|of|day|Could|to have|done|something|to|to avoid|that|irritation|Epictetus|he carries|the
Could you have done something to avoid that irritation? Epictetus takes Seneca's advice on meditation before bed a step further.
consejo de Seneca de la meditación al acostarse un paso más allá. Sugiere que mientras realizamos
advice|of|Seneca|of|the|meditation|to|to go to bed|a|step|more|beyond|It suggests|that|while|we carry out
He suggests that while we carry out our daily tasks, we should simultaneously play the roles of participant and
nuestras tareas cotidianas, hemos de desempeñar simultáneamente los papeles de participante y
our|tasks|daily|we have|to|to perform|simultaneously|the|roles|of|participant|and
espectador. 3, en otras palabras, deberíamos crear en nuestro interior un observador estoico
spectator|in|other|words|we should|to create|in|our|interior|an|observer|stoic
spectator. 3, in other words, we should create within ourselves a stoic observer
que contempla y comenta nuestros intentos de practicar. El estoicismo. En un tono similar,
that|it contemplates|and|it comments|our|attempts|to|to practice|The|stoicism|In|a|tone|similar
that contemplates and comments on our attempts to practice. Stoicism. In a similar tone,
Marco Aurelio recomienda examinar todos nuestros actos, determinar los motivos que nos impulsan a
Marcus|Aurelius|he recommends|to examine|all|our|actions|to determine|the|motives|that|us|they drive|to
Marcus Aurelius recommends examining all our actions, determining the motives that drive us to
realizarlos y considerar el valor de lo que nos esforzamos en llevar a término. Deberíamos
to carry them out|and|to consider|the|value|of|what|that|we|we strive|to|to carry|to|completion|We should
carry them out and considering the value of what we strive to accomplish. We should
preguntarnos constantemente si nos gobierna la razón u otra cosa. Y cuando determinamos que no
to ask ourselves|constantly|if|us|it governs|the|reason|or|another|thing|And|when|we determine|that|not
constantly ask ourselves whether we are governed by reason or something else. And when we determine that we are not
estamos gobernados por la razón, deberíamos preguntarnos qué nos gobierna. ¿Un espíritu
we are|governed|by|the|reason|we should|to ask ourselves|what|us|governs|A|spirit
we are governed by reason, we should ask ourselves what governs us. A spirit
infantil? ¿Un tirano? ¿Un boi terco? ¿Una bestia salvaje? También deberíamos ser atentos
childish|a|tyrant|a|stubborn|stubborn|a|beast|wild|Also|we should|to be|attentive
childish? A tyrant? A stubborn ox? A wild beast? We should also be attentive
observadores de los actos de otras personas. 4, después de todo, podemos aprender de sus
observers|of|the|actions|of|other|people|after|of|all|we can|to learn|from|their
observers of the actions of other people. 4, after all, we can learn from their
errores y de sus éxitos. Además de reflexionar en los acontecimientos del día, podemos dedicar
mistakes|and|of|their|successes|In addition|to|to reflect|on|the|events|of the|day|we can|to dedicate
mistakes and their successes. In addition to reflecting on the events of the day, we can dedicate
parte de nuestras meditaciones a repasar una especie de lista mental de verificación.
part|of|our|meditations|to|review|a|kind|of|list|mental|of|verification
part of our meditations to reviewing a kind of mental checklist.
¿Estamos practicando las técnicas psicológicas recomendadas por los estoicos? ¿Practicamos
we are|practicing|the|techniques|psychological|recommended|by|the|stoics|we practice
Are we practicing the psychological techniques recommended by the Stoics? Do we practice
periódicamente la visualización negativa? Nos tomamos el tiempo de distinguir entre aquellas
periodically|the|visualization|negative|We|we take|the|time|to|to distinguish|between|those
negative visualization periodically? Do we take the time to distinguish between those
cosas sobre las que tenemos un control total, aquellas otras sobre las que no tenemos ningún
things|about|the|that|we have|a|control|total|those|others|about|the|that|not|we have|any
things over which we have total control, those others over which we have no
control en absoluto y las cosas sobre las que ejercemos un control relativo. ¿Interiorizamos
control|in|absolute|and|the|things|about|the|that|we exercise|a|control|relative|Do we internalize
control at all, and the things over which we exercise relative control? Do we internalize
nuestros objetivos? ¿Nos hemos abstenido de vivir en el pasado y hemos centrado nuestra
our|objectives|we|we have|abstained|from|living|in|the|past|and|we have|focused|our
our goals? Have we refrained from living in the past and focused our
atención en el futuro? ¿Hemos practicado la autoprivación conscientemente? También podemos
attention|in|the|future|Have we|practiced|the|self-denial|consciously|Also|we can
attention in the future? Have we consciously practiced self-denial? We can also
utilizar nuestras meditaciones estoicas como una oportunidad para preguntarnos si, en nuestros
to use|our|meditations|stoic|as|an|opportunity|to|to ask ourselves|if|in|our
use our Stoic meditations as an opportunity to ask ourselves if, in our
asuntos cotidianos, estamos siguiendo el consejo que ofrecen los estoicos. En la tercera parte de
matters|everyday|we are|following|the|advice|that|they offer|the|Stoics|In|the|third|part|of
daily affairs, we are following the advice offered by the Stoics. In the third part of
este libro expongo este consejo en detalle. Otra cosa que podemos hacer durante nuestra
this|book|I expose|this|advice|in|detail|Another|thing|that|we can|to do|during|our
this book, I present this advice in detail. Another thing we can do during our
meditación estoica es juzgar nuestro progreso como estoicos. Hay muchos indicadores a partir
meditation|stoic|it is|to judge|our|progress|as|stoics|There is|many|indicators|to|from
Stoic meditation is to judge our progress as Stoics. There are many indicators from
de los cuales medir este progreso. Para empezar, a medida que el estoicismo encuentre su lugar en
of|the|which|to measure|this|progress|To|to begin|to|measure|that|the|stoicism|it finds|its|place|in
of which to measure this progress. To begin with, as stoicism finds its place in
nosotros, advertiremos que nuestras relaciones con otras personas han cambiado. Descubriremos,
we|we will notice|that|our|relationships|with|other|people|they have|changed|we will discover
us, we will notice that our relationships with other people have changed. We will discover,
dice Epicteto, que nuestros sentimientos no se ven heridos cuando los demás nos dicen que no
Epicteto says||that|our|feelings|not|themselves|they see|hurt|when|the|others|to us|they say|that|no
Epictetus says, that our feelings are not hurt when others tell us that we have no
tenemos ni idea o que somos, tontos rematados, en relación con las cuestiones externas. También
we have|no|idea|or|what|we are|fools|complete|in|relation|to|the|issues|external|Also
idea or that we are, complete fools, in relation to external matters. Also
tendremos que encogernos de hombros ante cualquier elogio que nos sea dirigido. De hecho, Epicteto
we will have|to|to shrug|of|shoulders|in front of|any|praise|that|to us|it is|directed|In|fact|Epictetus
we will have to shrug off any praise directed at us. In fact, Epictetus
cree que la admiración de otras personas es un barómetro negativo de nuestro progreso como
he/she believes|that|the|admiration|of|other|people|it is|a|barometer|negative|of|our|progress|as
believes that the admiration of others is a negative barometer of our progress as
estoicos, si la gente te considera un personaje, desconfíe de ti mismo, punto, 5. Otros signos de
stoics|if|the|people|you|considers|a|character|distrust|of|yourself|itself|period|Other|signs|of
stoics, if people consider you a character, distrust yourself, period, 5. Other signs of
progreso, según Epicteto, son los siguientes, dejaremos de culpar, censurar y elogiar a otros.
progress|according to|Epictetus|they are|the|following|we will stop|from|blaming|criticizing|and|praising|to|others
progress, according to Epictetus, are the following, we will stop blaming, criticizing, and praising others.
No alardearemos sobre nosotros mismos ni nos jactaremos de nuestro saber, y nos culparemos a
not|we will boast|about|ourselves|ourselves|nor|ourselves|we will brag|about|our|knowledge|and|ourselves|we will blame|to
We will not boast about ourselves or brag about our knowledge, and we will blame ourselves,
nosotros, y no a las circunstancias externas, cuando nuestros deseos no se cumplan. Y como
we|and|not|to|the|circumstances|external|when|our|desires|not|themselves|they fulfill|And|as
and not external circumstances, when our desires are not fulfilled. And as
hemos adquirido cierto grado de dominio sobre nuestros deseos, descubriremos que deseamos menos
we have|acquired|a certain|degree|of|mastery|over|our|desires|we will discover|that|we desire|less
we have acquired a certain degree of mastery over our desires, we will discover that we desire less
cosas que antes, Epicteto asegura que descubriremos que, nuestros impulsos hacia las cosas han
things|that|before|Epictetus|he assures|that|we will discover|that|our|impulses|towards|the|things|they have
things than before, Epictetus assures us that we will discover that our impulses towards things have
disminuido. Y de forma significativa, si hemos progresado como estoicos nos consideraremos a
diminished|and|in|form|significant|if|we have|progressed|as|stoics|ourselves|we will consider|to
decreased. And significantly, if we have progressed as Stoics, we will consider ourselves not as a friend whose desire needs to be satisfied, but as an enemy lurking,
nosotros mismos no como a un amigo cuyo deseo ha de ser satisfecho, sino, como un enemigo al acecho,
ourselves|ourselves|not|as|to|a|friend|whose|desire|it has|to|to be|satisfied|but|as|an|enemy|in the|lurking
point, 6. According to the Stoics, the practice of this philosophy of life will not only influence in
punto, 6. Según los estoicos, la práctica de esta filosofía de vida no solo influirá en
point|According to|the|Stoics|the|practice|of|this|philosophy|of|life|not|only|it will influence|in
nuestros pensamientos y deseos en la vigilia, sino también en nuestra vida onírica. En concreto,
our|thoughts|and|desires|in|the|wakefulness|but|also|in|our|life|dreamlike|In|specific
our thoughts and desires in wakefulness, but also in our dream life. Specifically,
Zenón sugería que a medida que progresemos en nuestra práctica dejaremos de tener sueños en
Zenon|he suggested|that|to|as|that|we progress|in|our|practice|we will stop|from|having|dreams|in
Zenon suggested that as we progress in our practice we will stop having dreams in
los que sentimos, placer ante situaciones deplorables, 7, otra señal de progreso en
those|that|we feel|pleasure|in the face of|situations|deplorable|another|sign|of|progress|in
which we feel pleasure in deplorable situations, another sign of progress in
nuestra práctica del estoicismo consiste en que nuestra filosofía consistirá en actos,
our|practice|of|stoicism|it consists|in|that|our|philosophy|it will consist|in|acts
our practice of stoicism is that our philosophy will consist of actions,
más que en palabras. Lo más importante, señala Epicteto, no es nuestra capacidad para hablar de
more|than|in|words|The|most|important|he points out|Epictetus|not|it is|our|ability|to|to speak|about
rather than words. The most important thing, Epictetus points out, is not our ability to talk about
los principios estoicos, sino nuestra capacidad para vivir de acuerdo con ellos. Por lo tanto,
the|principles|stoic|but|our|ability|to|to live|in|accordance|with|them|For|it|therefore
the Stoic principles, but our ability to live according to them. Therefore,
en un banquete un estoico aficionado podría pasar el tiempo hablando de que debería comer un individuo
at|a|banquet|a|stoic|enthusiast|he could|to spend|the|time|talking|about|what|he should|to eat|an|individual
at a banquet, an amateur Stoic might spend time talking about what an individual should eat,
filosóficamente iluminado, un estoico que ha avanzado más en el camino se limitará a alimentarse así.
philosophically|enlightened|an|stoic|that|he has|advanced|further|in|the|path|himself|he will limit|to|to feed|like this
a philosophically enlightened Stoic, one who has progressed further on the path, will simply feed himself accordingly.
Análogamente, un aprendiz de estoico puede jactarse de su sencillo estilo de vida o de
analogously|a|apprentice|of|stoic|he/she can|to boast|about|his/her|simple|style|of|life|or|about
Similarly, a novice Stoic may boast about his simple lifestyle or about
haber renunciado al vino por el agua, un estoico más avanzado, después de haber hecho exactamente
to have|renounced|to|wine|for|the|water|a|stoic|more|advanced|after|of|having|done|exactly
having given up wine for water, a more advanced Stoic, after having done exactly
lo mismo, no sentirá la necesidad de comentarlo. De hecho, Epicteto cree que en nuestra práctica
it|the same|not|he/she will feel|the|need|to|to comment on it|In|fact|Epictetus|he believes|that|in|our|practice
the same, he will not feel the need to comment on it. In fact, Epictetus believes that in our practice
del estoicismo hemos de ser discretos para que los demás no nos etiqueten, como estoicos,
of|stoicism|we have|to|to be|discreet|so that|that|the|others|not|us|they label|as|stoics
of stoicism we must be discreet so that others do not label us, as stoics,
y ni siquiera como filósofos, 8. Sin embargo, la señal más importante de que estamos progresando
and|not|even|as|philosophers|Without|however|the|signal|most|important|that|that|we are|progressing
and not even as philosophers, 8. However, the most important sign that we are progressing
como estoicos es un cambio en nuestra vida emocional. No es, como los que ignoran la
as|stoics|it is|a|change|in|our|life|emotional|No|it is|like|those|who|they ignore|the
as stoics is a change in our emotional life. It is not, as those who ignore the
verdadera naturaleza del estoicismo suelen creer, que dejemos de experimentar emociones. Por el
true|nature|of the|stoicism|they usually|to believe|that|we let|to|to experience|emotions|For|the
true nature of stoicism often believe, that we stop experiencing emotions. For the
contrario, lo que experimentaremos son menos emociones negativas. También invertiremos menos
on the contrary|what|that|we will experience|there are|fewer|emotions|negative|Also|we will invest|
On the contrary, what we will experience are fewer negative emotions. We will also spend less
tiempo deseando que las cosas sean de otro modo y más disfrutando de las cosas tal, como son.
time|wishing|that|the|things|they are|in|another|way|and|more|enjoying|of|the|things|such|as|they are
time wishing things were different and more enjoying things as they are.
En líneas generales, disfrutaremos de un grado de serenidad del que carecíamos previamente.
in|lines|general|we will enjoy|of|a|degree|of|serenity|of the|that|we lacked|previously
In general terms, we will enjoy a degree of serenity that we previously lacked.
Asimismo, descubriremos, quizá para nuestra sorpresa, que nuestra práctica del estoicismo
likewise|we will discover|perhaps|for|our|surprise|that|our|practice|of the|stoicism
Likewise, we will discover, perhaps to our surprise, that our practice of stoicism
nos ha hecho susceptibles a pequeños estallidos de alegría, de pronto nos complacerá ser la
to us|it has|made|susceptible|to|small|bursts|of|joy|of|soon|us|it will please|to be|the
has made us susceptible to small bursts of joy, and suddenly we will be pleased to be the
persona que somos, vivir la vida que vivimos, en el universo que habitamos. Sin embargo,
person|that|we are|to live|the|life|that|we live|in|the|universe|that|we inhabit|Without|however
the person we are, living the life we live, in the universe we inhabit. However,
para la prueba última del progreso realizado en el estoicismo tendremos que esperar a afrontar
for|the|test|final|of|progress|made|in|the|stoicism|we will have|to|to wait|to|to face
for the ultimate test of the progress made in Stoicism, we will have to wait to face
la muerte. Solo entonces, dice Séneca, sabremos si nuestro estoicismo ha sido verdadero, 9.
the|death|Only|then|says|Seneca|we will know|if|our|stoicism|it has|been|true
death. Only then, says Seneca, will we know if our Stoicism has been true.
Al medir nuestro progreso como estoicos, quizá nos parecerá más lento de lo que habríamos
in|measuring|our|progress|as|stoics|perhaps|to us|it will seem|more|slow|than|it|that|we would have
When measuring our progress as Stoics, it may seem slower than we would have
esperado o deseado. No obstante, los estoicos serían los primeros en admitir que la gente
expected|or|desired|Not|however|the|Stoics|they would be|the|first|to|to admit|that|the|people
expected or desired. Nevertheless, the Stoics would be the first to admit that people
no puede perfeccionar su estoicismo de la noche a la mañana, de hecho, aunque lo practicáramos
not|he/she can|to perfect|his/her|stoicism|from|the|night|to|the|morning|of|fact|although|it|we practiced
one cannot perfect their stoicism overnight, in fact, even if we practiced it
toda nuestra vida, es improbable que llegáramos a perfeccionarlo, siempre habría lugar para alguna
all|our|life|it is|unlikely|that|we would reach|to|to perfect it|always|there would be|room|for|some
our whole life, it is unlikely that we would perfect it, there would always be room for some
mejora. En este sentido, Séneca nos dice que su objetivo al practicar esta filosofía de vida no
improvement|in|this|sense|Seneca|to us|he says|that|his|objective|to|to practice|this|philosophy|of|life|not
improvement. In this sense, Seneca tells us that his goal in practicing this philosophy of life is not
es convertirse en sabio, por el contrario, considera que su progreso es adecuado siempre
it is|to become|in|wise|for|the|contrary|it considers|that|its|progress|it is|adequate|always
to become wise, on the contrary, he believes that his progress is adequate as long as
y cuando, cada día reduzca el número de mis vicios y me reproche mis errores, punto 10.
and|when|every|day|I reduce|the|number|of|my|vices|and|I|I reproach|my|mistakes|point
each day I reduce the number of my vices and reproach myself for my mistakes, point 10.
Los estoicos entendían que en su práctica de esta filosofía de vida darían pasos atrás. Por eso,
the|stoics|they understood|that|in|their|practice|of|this|philosophy|of|life|they would take|steps|back|For|that
The Stoics understood that in their practice of this philosophy of life they would take steps back. Therefore,
tras pedir a sus estudiantes que practicaran el estoicismo, Epicteto les enseñaba que debían
after|asking|to|his|students|that|they practiced|the|stoicism|Epictetus|to them|he taught|that|they should
after asking their students to practice Stoicism, Epictetus taught them that they should
hacer si fracasaban a la hora de seguir su consejo, 11. esperaba, en otras palabras,
to do|if|they failed|at|the|time|to|to follow|their|advice|I expected|in|other|words
do if they failed to follow his advice, in other words, he expected,
que los aprendices de estoicos tuvieran recaídas habitualmente. En un tono similar,
that|the|apprentices|of|Stoics|they had|relapses|habitually|In|a|tone|similar
that the learners of Stoicism would have relapses regularly. In a similar tone,
Marco Aurelio recomienda que cuando nuestra práctica no esté a la altura de los preceptos
Marcus|Aurelius|he recommends|that|when|our|practice|not|it is|to|the|level|of|the|precepts
Marcus Aurelius recommends that when our practice does not live up to the precepts.
estoicos, no debemos desanimarnos ni renunciar a ella, al contrario, hay que volver al tajo y ser
stoics|not|we must|to get discouraged|nor|to give up|to|it|to the|on the contrary|there is|that|to return|to the|work|and|to be
stoics, we must not get discouraged or give up on it, on the contrary, we must return to the task and be
conscientes de que si la mayor parte del tiempo obramos de forma correcta, desde el punto de vista
aware|that|if|the|the|greater|part|of the|time|we act|in|manner|correct|from|the|point|of|view
aware that if most of the time we act correctly, from the stoic point of view,
estoico, estamos actuando en nuestro favor, 12. Ahora me voy a permitir ofrecer un último
stoic|we are|acting|in|our|favor|Now|myself|I am going|to|to allow|to offer|a|final
we are acting in our favor, 12. Now I will allow myself to offer a final
pensamiento sobre cómo progresar como estoicos. Marco Aurelio pasó su vida adulta practicando esta
thought|about|how|to progress|as|Stoics|Marcus|Aurelius|he spent|his|life|adult|practicing|this
thought on how to progress as stoics. Marcus Aurelius spent his adult life practicing this
filosofía de vida, aunque tenía un temperamento conveniente para ello, a veces flaqueaba y su
philosophy|of|life|although|he/she had|a|temperament|suitable|for|it|to|sometimes|he/she faltered|and|his/her
philosophy of life, although he had a temperament suitable for it, he sometimes faltered and his
estoicismo no parecía capaz de proporcionarle la serenidad que necesitaba. En las meditaciones
stoicism|not|it seemed|capable|of|to provide him/her|the|serenity|that|he/she needed|In|the|meditations
stoicism did not seem capable of providing him the serenity he needed. In the meditations
ofrece consejos sobre qué hacer en estos momentos, sigue practicando el estoicismo,
he/she offers|advice|on|what|to do|in|these|times|he/she continues|practicing|the|stoicism
he offers advice on what to do in these moments, keep practicing stoicism,
aun cuando el éxito parezca imposible, punto, 13. Tercera parte. Asesoramiento estoico.
even|when|the|success|it may seem|impossible|period|Third|part|Advice|Stoic
even when success seems impossible, point 13. Third part. Stoic advice.
9. Deber. Amar a la humanidad. Como hemos visto, los estoicos nos aconsejan buscar la serenidad.
to owe|to love|to|the|humanity|As|we have|seen|the|Stoics|us|they advise|to seek|the|serenity
9. Duty. Love for humanity. As we have seen, the Stoics advise us to seek serenity.
Sin embargo, son conscientes de que por sí sola esta recomendación no es muy útil, por lo que
however|but|they are|aware|of|that|for|itself|alone|this|recommendation|not|it is|very|useful|for|it|that
However, they are aware that this recommendation alone is not very useful, so
nos ofrecen una guía para alcanzar esa serenidad. Para empezar, nos sugieren practicar las técnicas
to us|they offer|a|guide|to|to achieve|that|serenity|To|to begin|to us|they suggest|to practice|the|techniques
they offer us a guide to achieve that serenity. To begin with, they suggest practicing the techniques
psicológicas descritas en la segunda parte de este libro. También ofrecen consejos sobre aspectos
psychological|described|in|the|second|part|of|this|book|Also|they offer|advice|on|aspects
described in the second part of this book. They also offer advice on specific aspects
específicos de la vida cotidiana. Nos aconsejan, por ejemplo, no buscar la fama y la fortuna,
specific|of|the|life|everyday|to us|they advise|for|example|not|to seek|the|fame|and|the|fortune
of daily life. They advise us, for example, not to seek fame and fortune,
pues esa búsqueda perturbará nuestra serenidad. Nos advierten de la necesidad de ser cuidadosos
because|that|search|it will disturb|our|serenity|We|they warn|of|the|necessity|to|to be|careful
as that pursuit will disturb our serenity. They warn us of the need to be careful
a la hora de buscar a nuestros compañeros, después de todo, los demás tienen el poder
at|the|hour|of|to search|for|our|companions|after|of|everything|the|others|they have|the|power
when choosing our companions, after all, others have the power
de alterar nuestra tranquilidad si les dejamos hacerlo. Nos ofrecen consejos para afrontar los
to|alter|our|tranquility|if|them|we let|do it|We|they offer|advice|to|face|the
of altering our tranquility if we let them do so. They offer us advice on how to cope with the
insultos, la ira, la aflicción, el exilio, la vejez e incluso las circunstancias en las que
insults|the|anger|the|affliction|the|exile|the|old age|and|even|the|circumstances|in|the|which
insults, anger, grief, exile, old age, and even the circumstances in which
practicar sexo. Centrémonos ahora en los consejos estoicos sobre la vida cotidiana,
to practice|sex|Let's focus|now|on|the|advice|Stoic|about|the|life|everyday
to have sex. Let us now focus on the Stoic advice regarding everyday life,
empezando, con este capítulo y el siguiente, por lo relativo a la formación y mantenimiento de las
starting|with|this|chapter|and|the|next|for|the|regarding|to|the|formation|and|maintenance|of|the
starting, with this chapter and the next, with what relates to the formation and maintenance of the
relaciones sociales. Al examinar nuestra existencia descubriremos que otras personas son la fuente de
social|relationships|Upon|examining|our|existence|we will discover|that|other|people|they are|the|source|of
social relationships. Upon examining our existence, we will discover that other people are the source of
algunas de las mayores, delicias que la vida tiene que ofrecer, incluyendo el amor y la amistad. Pero
some|of|the|greatest|delights|that|the|life|it has|to|to offer|including|the|love|and|the|friendship|But
some of the greatest delights that life has to offer, including love and friendship. But
también descubriremos que son la causa de la mayor parte de las emociones negativas que experimentamos.
also|we will discover|that|they are|the|cause|of|the|greater|part|of|the|emotions|negative|that|we experience
we will also discover that they are the cause of most of the negative emotions we experience.
Los extraños nos irritan cuando se produce un atasco de tráfico. Los familiares nos agobian
the|strangers|us|they irritate|when|itself|it produces|a|traffic jam|of|traffic|the|relatives|us|they overwhelm
Strangers irritate us when a traffic jam occurs. Family members overwhelm us
con sus problemas. Nuestro jefe puede arruinar nuestro día insultándonos, y la incompetencia
with|his/her|problems|Our|boss|he/she can|ruin|our|day|by insulting us|and|the|incompetence
with their problems. Our boss can ruin our day by insulting us, and the incompetence
de nuestros compañeros puede provocarnos estrés al aumentar nuestra carga de trabajo. Nuestros
of|our|colleagues|it can|to provoke us|stress|by|to increase|our|workload|of|work|Our
of our colleagues can cause us stress by increasing our workload. Our
amigos pueden olvidarse de invitarnos a una fiesta, lo que nos hará sentir desairados,
friends|they can|to forget|to|to invite us|to|a|party|it|that|us|it will|to feel|snubbed
friends may forget to invite us to a party, which will make us feel snubbed,
aun cuando no nos hagan nada, los demás pueden perturbar nuestra serenidad. Normalmente queremos
even|when|not|us|they do|anything|the|others|they can|to disturb|our|serenity|Normally|we want
even when they do nothing to us, others can disturb our serenity. Normally we want
que los demás.
than|the|others
others.
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